Endocrinology, Vol 127, 403-409, Copyright © 1990 by Endocrine Society

ARTICLES

Production of interleukin-6 by anterior pituitary cells is stimulated by increased intracellular adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate and vasoactive intestinal peptide

BL Spangelo, PC Isakson and RM MacLeod
Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville 22908.

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is an inflammatory cytokine that is produced by a variety of cells and tissues. We recently demonstrated that IL-6 is produced by anterior pituitary cells in response to the bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide and phorbol diester in vitro. Lipopolysaccharide (0.01-100 ng/ml) increased, whereas dexamethasone (0.1-100 nM) decreased, IL-6 production by anterior pituitary cells in vitro as measured by the 7TD1 cell growth factor assay. In addition, we now report that IL-6 production by anterior pituitary cells is stimulated by agents that elevate intracellular cAMP concentrations. Exposure of anterior pituitary cells to (Bu)2cAMP (0.01-10 mM), prostaglandin E2 (1.0-1000 nM), forskolin (50-1000 nM), or cholera toxin (0.25-250 ng/ml) for 6 h resulted in concentration-related increases in the production of IL-6, which, in the cases of forskolin and cholera toxin, correlated well with increased intracellular cAMP concentrations. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (1-1000 nM), which stimulates adenylate cyclase activity in the anterior pituitary, caused a concentration-related enhancement of IL-6 production that was unaffected in the presence of 10-100 nM somatostatin. In contrast, GH- releasing factor had no effect on IL-6 production. These data suggest that anterior pituitary cells produce IL-6 in response to increased intracellular cAMP, and that the neuropeptide vasoactive intestinal peptide may act to regulate IL-6 production.

This article has been cited by other articles:

				J. Gerez, J. Bonfiglio, S. Sosa, D. Giacomini, M. Acuna, A. Carbia Nagashima, M. J. Perone, S. Silberstein, U. Renner, G. K. Stalla, et al. Molecular transduction mechanisms of cytokine-hormone interactions: role of gp130 cytokines Exp Physiol, September 1, 2007; 92(5): 801 - 806. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				F. Barbieri, A. Bajetto, C. Porcile, A. Pattarozzi, G. Schettini, and T. Florio Role of stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF1/CXCL12) in regulating anterior pituitary function J. Mol. Endocrinol., March 1, 2007; 38(3): 383 - 389. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B.-C. Chen, C.-C. Liao, M.-J. Hsu, Y.-T. Liao, C.-C. Lin, J.-R. Sheu, and C.-H. Lin Peptidoglycan-Induced IL-6 Production in RAW 264.7 Macrophages Is Mediated by Cyclooxygenase-2, PGE2/PGE4 Receptors, Protein Kinase A, I{kappa}B Kinase, and NF-{kappa}B J. Immunol., July 1, 2006; 177(1): 681 - 693. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. Lohrer, J. Gloddek, A. C. Nagashima, Z. Korali, U. Hopfner, M. P. Pereda, E. Arzt, G. K. Stalla, and U. Renner Lipopolysaccharide Directly Stimulates the Intrapituitary Interleukin-6 Production by Folliculostellate Cells via Specific Receptors and the p38{{alpha}} Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase/Nuclear Factor-{{kappa}}B Pathway Endocrinology, December 1, 2000; 141(12): 4457 - 4465. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. E. Freeman, B. Kanyicska, A. Lerant, and G. Nagy Prolactin: Structure, Function, and Regulation of Secretion Physiol Rev, October 1, 2000; 80(4): 1523 - 1631. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. W. Zumwalt, B. J. Thunstrom, and B. L. Spangelo Interleukin-1{beta} and Catecholamines Synergistically Stimulate Interleukin-6 Release from Rat C6 Glioma Cells in Vitro: a Potential Role for Lysophosphatidylcholine Endocrinology, February 1, 1999; 140(2): 888 - 896. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				S. Guang Ren, J. Seliktar, X. Li, G. D. Braunstein, and S. Melmed Measurement of Leukemia Inhibitory Factor in Biological Fluids by Radioimmunoassay J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., April 1, 1998; 83(4): 1275 - 1283. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				Y. Cai, X. Xin, G.-J. Shim, Y. Mokuno, H. Uehara, T. Yamada, T. Agui, and K. Matsumoto Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase Activating Polypeptide (PACAP) and Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) Stimulate Interleukin-6 Production through the Third Subtype of PACAP/VIP Receptor in Rat Bone Marrow-Derived Stromal Cells Endocrinology, June 1, 1997; 138(6): 2515 - 2520. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. Ray and S. Melmed Pituitary Cytokine and Growth Factor Expression and Action Endocr. Rev., April 1, 1997; 18(2): 206 - 228. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				E. M. Greenfield, M. C. Horowitz, and S. A. Lavish Stimulation by Parathyroid Hormone of Interleukin-6 and Leukemia Inhibitory Factor Expression in Osteoblasts Is an Immediate-early Gene Response Induced by cAMP Signal Transduction J. Biol. Chem., May 3, 1996; 271(18): 10984 - 10989. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]