help button home button Endocrine Society Endocrinology
HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
This Article
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Purchase Article
Right arrow View Shopping Cart
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow Request Copyright Permission
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Brown, R. W.
Right arrow Articles by Seckl, J. R.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Brown, R. W.
Right arrow Articles by Seckl, J. R.

Endocrinology, Vol 132, 2614-2621, Copyright © 1993 by Endocrine Society

ARTICLES

Human placental 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase: evidence for and partial purification of a distinct NAD-dependent isoform

RW Brown, KE Chapman, CR Edwards and JR Seckl
Department of Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom.

Excess glucocorticoids impair fetal growth and cause teratogenesis. Placental 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11 beta HSD) catalyzes the inactivation of cortisol to cortisone, preventing the high maternal cortisol levels from reaching the fetal circulation and thus preserving the low cortisol fetal environment. In previous work, an NADP-dependent isoform of 11 beta HSD has been purified from rat liver, a cDNA isolated, and the human homolog cloned. However, much evidence suggests tissue-specific 11 beta HSD activities that cannot be explained by the liver-type isoform. Therefore, we have partially purified human placental 11 beta HSD and compared it to the enzyme in rat liver. Human placental subcellular fractions exhibited NAD-dependent 11 beta HSD activity, but showed little activity with NADP. The enzyme had a pH optimum of 7-8.5 (peak, 7.7), was only sparingly soluble in detergents (solubility with Triton X-100 was very poor), and exhibited little latency or change in pH profile in detergent solution. By contrast, rat liver 11 beta HSD was exclusively NADP dependent and was easily solubilized by a wide range of detergents (including Triton X-100), revealing substantial latency and altered pH profile [optimum of 10, becoming 7-10 (peak, 9.5) in detergent]. These data do not merely reflect species differences, as rat placental 11 beta HSD was similar to the human placental isoform. AMP affinity chromatography, which was completely without affinity for rat liver 11 beta HSD, achieved a 1000- fold purification of human placental 11 beta HSD. This had Km values for corticosterone (mean +/- SE, 14 +/- 1 nM) and cortisol (approximately 55 nM) that were over 100 times lower than that for liver 11 beta HSD. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis allowed identification of a band (apparent mol wt, 40,000) that correlated consistently with human placental 11 beta HSD activity (contrasting with a mol wt of 34,000 for rat liver 11 beta HSD). Thus, the NAD-dependent human placental 11 beta HSD is distinct from the previously characterized rat liver isoform and may be the product of a separate gene.


This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
 Hum Reprod UpdateHome page
A. E. Michael and A. T. Papageorghiou
Potential significance of physiological and pharmacological glucocorticoids in early pregnancy
Hum. Reprod. Update, June 13, 2008; (2008) dmn021v1.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Physiol.Home page
R. Bauer, B. Walter, and U. Brandl
Intrauterine growth restriction improves cerebral O2 utilization during hypercapnic hypoxia in newborn piglets
J. Physiol., October 15, 2007; 584(2): 693 - 704.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 ReproductionHome page
N. Sunak, D. F Green, L. R Abeydeera, L. M Thurston, and A. E Michael
Implication of cortisol and 11{beta}-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase enzymes in the development of porcine (Sus scrofa domestica) ovarian follicles and cysts
Reproduction, June 1, 2007; 133(6): 1149 - 1158.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J EndocrinolHome page
L M Thurston, D R E Abayasekara, and A E Michael
11{beta}-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase expression and activities in bovine granulosa cells and corpora lutea implicate corticosteroids in bovine ovarian physiology
J. Endocrinol., May 1, 2007; 193(2): 299 - 310.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
J. Kim, K. A. Temple, S. A. Jones, K. N. Meredith, J. L. Basko, and M. J. Brady
Differential Modulation of 3T3-L1 Adipogenesis Mediated by 11beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase-1 Levels
J. Biol. Chem., April 13, 2007; 282(15): 11038 - 11046.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
A. R. Dover, P. W. F. Hadoke, L. J. Macdonald, E. Miller, D. E. Newby, and B. R. Walker
Intravascular Glucocorticoid Metabolism during Inflammation and Injury in Mice
Endocrinology, January 1, 2007; 148(1): 166 - 172.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
K. C. Jonas, C. Chandras, D. R. E. Abayasekara, and A. E. Michael
Role for Prostaglandins in the Regulation of Type 1 11{beta}-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase in Human Granulosa-Lutein Cells
Endocrinology, December 1, 2006; 147(12): 5865 - 5872.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Endocr. Rev.Home page
V. E. Murphy, R. Smith, W. B. Giles, and V. L. Clifton
Endocrine Regulation of Human Fetal Growth: The Role of the Mother, Placenta, and Fetus
Endocr. Rev., April 1, 2006; 27(2): 141 - 169.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J EndocrinolHome page
N. Draper and P. M Stewart
11{beta}-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and the pre-receptor regulation of corticosteroid hormone action
J. Endocrinol., August 1, 2005; 186(2): 251 - 271.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Immunol.Home page
T. Y. Zhang, X. Ding, and R. A. Daynes
The Expression of 11{beta}-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type I by Lymphocytes Provides a Novel Means for Intracrine Regulation of Glucocorticoid Activities
J. Immunol., January 15, 2005; 174(2): 879 - 889.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Endocr. Rev.Home page
J. W. Tomlinson, E. A. Walker, I. J. Bujalska, N. Draper, G. G. Lavery, M. S. Cooper, M. Hewison, and P. M. Stewart
11{beta}-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1: A Tissue-Specific Regulator of Glucocorticoid Response
Endocr. Rev., October 1, 2004; 25(5): 831 - 866.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
T. C. Sandeep, J. L. W. Yau, A. M. J. MacLullich, J. Noble, I. J. Deary, B. R. Walker, and J. R. Seckl
From The Cover: 11{beta}-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase inhibition improves cognitive function in healthy elderly men and type 2 diabetics
PNAS, April 27, 2004; 101(17): 6734 - 6739.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 HypertensionHome page
B. Bocchi, S. Kenouch, M. Lamarre-Cliche, M. Muffat-Joly, M. H. Capron, J. Fiet, G. Morineau, M. Azizi, J. P. Bonvalet, and N. Farman
Impaired 11-{beta} Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 2 Activity in Sweat Gland Ducts in Human Essential Hypertension
Hypertension, April 1, 2004; 43(4): 803 - 808.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Mol Hum ReprodHome page
P.M. Driver, S. Rauz, E.A. Walker, M. Hewison, M.D. Kilby, and P.M. Stewart
Characterization of human trophoblast as a mineralocorticoid target tissue
Mol. Hum. Reprod., December 1, 2003; 9(12): 793 - 798.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Hum ReprodHome page
L.M. Thurston, D.P. Norgate, K.C. Jonas, L. Gregory, P.J. Wood, B.A. Cooke, and A.E. Michael
Ovarian modulators of type 1 11{beta}-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11{beta}HSD) activity and intra-follicular cortisol:cortisone ratios correlate with the clinical outcome of IVF
Hum. Reprod., August 1, 2003; 18(8): 1603 - 1612.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
M. Quinkler and P. M. Stewart
Hypertension and the Cortisol-Cortisone Shuttle
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., June 1, 2003; 88(6): 2384 - 2392.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
C. A. Carvajal, A. A. Gonzalez, D. G. Romero, A. Gonzalez, L. M. Mosso, E. T. Lagos, M. d. P. Hevia, M. P. Rosati, T. O. Perez-Acle, C. E. Gomez-Sanchez, et al.
Two Homozygous Mutations in the 11{beta}-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 2 Gene in a Case of Apparent Mineralocorticoid Excess
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., June 1, 2003; 88(6): 2501 - 2507.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Biol. Reprod.Home page
L. M. Thurston, K. C. Jonas, D. R. E. Abayasekara, and A. E. Michael
Ovarian Modulators of 11{beta}-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase (11{beta}HSD) Activity in Follicular Fluid from Bovine and Porcine Large Antral Follicles and Spontaneous Ovarian Cysts
Biol Reprod, June 1, 2003; 68(6): 2157 - 2163.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
C. L. McTernan, N. Draper, H. Nicholson, S. M. Chalder, P. Driver, M. Hewison, M. D. Kilby, and P. M. Stewart
Reduced Placental 11{beta}-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 2 mRNA Levels in Human Pregnancies Complicated by Intrauterine Growth Restriction: An Analysis of Possible Mechanisms
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., October 1, 2001; 86(10): 4979 - 4983.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
M. Korbonits, I. Bujalska, M. Shimojo, J. Nobes, S. Jordan, A. B. Grossman, and P. M. Stewart
Expression of 11{beta}-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Isoenzymes in the Human Pituitary: Induction of the Type 2 Enzyme in Corticotropinomas and Other Pituitary Tumors
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., June 1, 2001; 86(6): 2728 - 2733.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
J. R. Seckl and B. R. Walker
Minireview: 11{beta}-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1-- A Tissue-Specific Amplifier of Glucocorticoid Action
Endocrinology, April 1, 2001; 142(4): 1371 - 1376.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

Home page
 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
J. L. W. Yau, J. Noble, C. J. Kenyon, C. Hibberd, Y. Kotelevtsev, J. J. Mullins, and J. R. Seckl
Lack of tissue glucocorticoid reactivation in 11beta -hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 knockout mice ameliorates age-related learning impairments
PNAS, March 22, 2001; (2001) 71562698.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
G. J. Pepe, M. G. Burch, and E. D. Albrecht
Localization and Developmental Regulation of 11{beta}-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase-1 and -2 in the Baboon Syncytiotrophoblast
Endocrinology, January 1, 2001; 142(1): 68 - 80.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 IOVSHome page
J. Stokes, J. Noble, L. Brett, C. Phillips, J. R. Seckl, C. O’Brien, and R. Andrew
Distribution of Glucocorticoid and Mineralocorticoid Receptors and 11{beta}-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases in Human and Rat Ocular Tissues
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., June 1, 2000; 41(7): 1629 - 1638.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

Home page
 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
M. I. New and R. C. Wilson
Steroid disorders in children: Congenital adrenal hyperplasia and apparent mineralocorticoid excess
PNAS, October 26, 1999; 96(22): 12790 - 12797.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
A. Odermatt, P. Arnold, A. Stauffer, B. M. Frey, and F. J. Frey
The N-terminal Anchor Sequences of 11beta -Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases Determine Their Orientation in the Endoplasmic Reticulum Membrane
J. Biol. Chem., October 1, 1999; 274(40): 28762 - 28770.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
F. A. Patel, K. Sun, and J. R. G. Challis
Local Modulation by 11{beta}-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase of Glucocorticoid Effects on the Activity of 15-Hydroxyprostaglandin Dehydrogenase in Human Chorion and Placental Trophoblast Cells
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., February 1, 1999; 84(2): 395 - 400.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

Home page
 Biol. Reprod.Home page
P. J. Burton and B. J. Waddell
Dual Function of 11ß-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase in Placenta: Modulating Placental Glucocorticoid Passage and Local Steroid Action
Biol Reprod, February 1, 1999; 60(2): 234 - 240.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
J. Condon, C. Gosden, D. Gardener, P. Nickson, M. Hewison, A. J. Howie, and P. M. Stewart
Expression of Type 2 11{beta}-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase and Corticosteroid Hormone Receptors in Early Human Fetal Life
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., December 1, 1998; 83(12): 4490 - 4497.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
T. Suzuki, H. Sasano, S. Suzuki, G. Hirasawa, J. Takeyama, Y. Muramatsu, F. Date, H. Nagura, and Z. S. Krozowski
11{beta}-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 2 in Human Lung: Possible Regulator of Mineralocorticoid Action
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., November 1, 1998; 83(11): 4022 - 4025.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
S. Dave-Sharma, R. C. Wilson, M. D. Harbison, R. Newfield, M. R. Azar, Z. S. Krozowski, J. W. Funder, C. H. L. Shackleton, H. L. Bradlow, J.-Q. Wei, et al.
Examination of Genotype and Phenotype Relationships in 14 Patients with Apparent Mineralocorticoid Excess
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., July 1, 1998; 83(7): 2244 - 2254.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

Home page
 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
W. Song, J. Chen, W. L. Dean, R. N. Redinger, and R. A. Prough
Purification and Characterization of Hamster Liver Microsomal 7alpha -Hydroxycholesterol Dehydrogenase. SIMILARITY TO TYPE I 11beta -HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASE
J. Biol. Chem., June 26, 1998; 273(26): 16223 - 16228.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
A. Naray-Fejes-Toth and G. Fejes-Toth
Extranuclear Localization of Endogenous 11{beta}-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase-2 in Aldosterone Target Cells
Endocrinology, June 1, 1998; 139(6): 2955 - 2959.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
M. L. Ricketts, J. M. Verhaeg, I. Bujalska, A. J. Howie, W. E. Rainey, and P. M. Stewart
Immunohistochemical Localization of Type 1 11{beta}-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase in Human Tissues
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., April 1, 1998; 83(4): 1325 - 1335.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

Home page
 Cardiovasc ResHome page
S. H.M. van Uum, A. R.M.M. Hermus, P. Smits, T. Thien, and J. W.M. Lenders
The role of 11{beta}-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in the pathogenesis of hypertension
Cardiovasc Res, April 1, 1998; 38(1): 16 - 24.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 HypertensionHome page
H. M. Kubisch, S. Mathialagan, and E. P. Gomez-Sanchez
Modulation of Blood Pressure in the Dahl SS/jr Rat by Embryo Transfer
Hypertension, January 1, 1998; 31(1): 540 - 545.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
Y. Kotelevtsev, M. C. Holmes, A. Burchell, P. M. Houston, D. Schmoll, P. Jamieson, R. Best, R. Brown, C. R. W. Edwards, J. R. Seckl, et al.
11beta -Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 knockout mice show attenuated glucocorticoid-inducible responses and resist hyperglycemia on obesity or stress
PNAS, December 23, 1997; 94(26): 14924 - 14929.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
S. Kitanaka, N. Katsumata, A. Tanae, I. Hibi, K.-I. Takeyama, H. Fuse, S. Kato, and T. Tanaka
A New Compound Heterozygous Mutation in the 11{beta}-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 2 Gene in a Case of Apparent Mineralocorticoid Excess
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., December 1, 1997; 82(12): 4054 - 4058.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
K. Sun, K. Yang, and J. R. G. Challis
Differential Regulation of 11 {beta}-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 and 2 by Nitric Oxide in Cultured Human Placental Trophoblast and Chorionic Cell Preparation
Endocrinology, November 1, 1997; 138(11): 4912 - 4920.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
K. X. Z. Li, V. R. Obeyesekere, Z. S. Krozowski, and P. Ferrari
Oxoreductase and Dehydrogenase Activities of the Human and Rat 11{beta}-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 2 Enzyme
Endocrinology, July 1, 1997; 138(7): 2948 - 2952.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
R.-S. Ge, H.-B. Gao, V. L. Nacharaju, G. L. Gunsalus, and M. P. Hardy
Identification of a Kinetically Distinct Activity of 11{beta}-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase in Rat Leydig Cells
Endocrinology, June 1, 1997; 138(6): 2435 - 2442.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
M. Shimojo, M. L. Ricketts, M. D. Petrelli, P. Moradi, G. D. Johnson, A. R. Bradwell, M. Hewison, A. J. Howie, and P. M. Stewart
Immunodetection of 11{beta}-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 2 in Human Mineralocorticoid Target Tissues: Evidence for Nuclear Localization
Endocrinology, March 1, 1997; 138(3): 1305 - 1311.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Endocr. Rev.Home page
P. C. White, T. Mune, and A. K. Agarwal
11{beta}-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase and the Syndrome of Apparent Mineralocorticoid Excess
Endocr. Rev., February 1, 1997; 18(1): 135 - 156.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
K. Sun, K. Yang, and J. R. G. Challis
Differential Expression of 11{beta}-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Types 1 and 2 in Human Placenta and Fetal Membranes
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., January 1, 1997; 82(1): 300 - 305.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 HypertensionHome page
P. C. White
Inherited Forms of Mineralocorticoid Hypertension
Hypertension, December 1, 1996; 28(6): 927 - 936.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

Home page
 HypertensionHome page
B. Watson, S. M. Bergman, A. Myracle, D. F. Callen, R. T. Acton, and D. G. Warnock
Genetic Association of 11ß-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 2 (HSD11B2) Flanking Microsatellites With Essential Hypertension in Blacks
Hypertension, September 1, 1996; 28(3): 478 - 482.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

Home page
 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
A. Naray-Fejes-Toth and G. Fejes-Toth
Subcellular Localization of the Type 211beta -Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase. A GREEN FLUORESCENT PROTEIN STUDY
J. Biol. Chem., June 28, 1996; 271(26): 15436 - 15442.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 HypertensionHome page
R. S. Lindsay, R. M. Lindsay, C. R.W. Edwards, and J. R. Seckl
Inhibition of 11ß-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase in Pregnant Rats and the Programming of Blood Pressure in the Offspring
Hypertension, June 1, 1996; 27(6): 1200 - 1204.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

Home page
 CirculationHome page
M. Lombes, N. Alfaidy, E. Eugene, A. Lessana, N. Farman, and J.-P. Bonvalet
Prerequisite for Cardiac Aldosterone Action : Mineralocorticoid Receptor and 11ß-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase in the Human Heart
Circulation, July 15, 1995; 92(2): 175 - 182.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

Home page
 HypertensionHome page
B. R. Walker, P. M. Williamson, M. A. Brown, J. W. Honour, C. R. W. Edwards, and J. A. Whitworth
11ß-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase and Its Inhibitors in Hypertensive Pregnancy
Hypertension, April 1, 1995; 25(4): 626 - 630.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

Home page
 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
N. M. Morton, M. C. Holmes, C. Fievet, B. Staels, A. Tailleux, J. J. Mullins, and J. R. Seckl
Improved Lipid and Lipoprotein Profile, Hepatic Insulin Sensitivity, and Glucose Tolerance in 11beta -Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 Null Mice
J. Biol. Chem., October 26, 2001; 276(44): 41293 - 41300.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
J. L. W. Yau, J. Noble, C. J. Kenyon, C. Hibberd, Y. Kotelevtsev, J. J. Mullins, and J. R. Seckl
Lack of tissue glucocorticoid reactivation in 11beta -hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 knockout mice ameliorates age-related learning impairments
PNAS, April 10, 2001; 98(8): 4716 - 4721.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
Endocrinology Endocrine Reviews J. Clin. End. & Metab.
Molecular Endocrinology Recent Prog. Horm. Res. All Endocrine Journals
Copyright © 1993 by The Endocrine Society