Endocrinology, Vol 133, 965-971, Copyright © 1993 by Endocrine Society

ARTICLES

Characterization and tissue expression of multiple triiodothyronine receptor-auxiliary proteins and their relationship to the retinoid X- receptors

A Sugawara, PM Yen, DS Darling and WW Chin
Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115.

Thyroid hormone receptor (TR) binding to thyroid hormone response elements is enhanced by heterodimerization with T3 receptor auxiliary proteins (TRAPs). Although retinoid X-receptors (RXRs) behave similarly to TRAP by heterodimerizing with TRs and enhancing TR binding to thyroid hormone response elements, it is not known whether endogenous TRAPs are RXRs. In this study, we used the electrophoretic mobility shift assay to demonstrate that at least two different TR-TRAP heterodimer complexes can be formed from nuclear extracts of various rat tissues and cell lines. Additionally, the TRAPs appear to be differentially expressed in rat tissues. In antibody supershift experiments, most of the faster migrating TR-TRAP heterodimer bands and some of the slower migrating TR-TRAP heterodimer bands were recognized in several tissues and cell lines by the anti-RXR alpha-specific antibody. Immunodepletion assays showed that the slower migrating TR- TRAP heterodimer bands in most tissues and cell lines were recognized by the anti-RXR beta-specific antibody. Therefore, we have demonstrated that RXR alpha and RXR beta are endogenous TRAPs in a variety of tissues and cell lines, and are differentially expressed. We speculate that this heterogeneity of TRAP distribution may contribute to tissue and cell-specific expression of T3-regulated genes.

This article has been cited by other articles:

				M. Busson, L. Daury, P. Seyer, S. Grandemange, L. Pessemesse, F. Casas, C. Wrutniak-Cabello, and G. Cabello Avian MyoD and c-Jun Coordinately Induce Transcriptional Activity of the 3,5,3'-Triiodothyronine Nuclear Receptor c-ErbA{alpha}1 in Proliferating Myoblasts Endocrinology, July 1, 2006; 147(7): 3408 - 3418. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. M. Yen Physiological and Molecular Basis of Thyroid Hormone Action Physiol Rev, July 1, 2001; 81(3): 1097 - 1142. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Nagaya, Y. Murata, S. Yamaguchi, Y. Nomura, S. Ohmori, M. Fujieda, N. Katunuma, P. M. Yen, W. W. Chin, and H. Seo Intracellular Proteolytic Cleavage of 9-cis-Retinoic Acid Receptor alpha  by Cathepsin L-type Protease Is a Potential Mechanism for Modulating Thyroid Hormone Action J. Biol. Chem., December 11, 1998; 273(50): 33166 - 33173. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. Jeannin, D. Robyr, and B. Desvergne Transcriptional Regulatory Patterns of the Myelin Basic Protein and Malic Enzyme Genes by the Thyroid Hormone Receptors alpha 1 and beta 1 J. Biol. Chem., September 11, 1998; 273(37): 24239 - 24248. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y. Liu, A. Takeshita, T. Nagaya, A. Baniahmad, W. W. Chin, and P. M. Yen An Inhibitory Region of the DNA-Binding Domain of Thyroid Hormone Receptor Blocks Hormone-Dependent Transactivation Mol. Endocrinol., January 1, 1998; 12(1): 34 - 44. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				S. G. Ball, M. Ikeda, and W. W. Chin Deletion of the Thyroid Hormone {beta}1 Receptor Increases Basal and Triiodothyronine-Induced Growth Hormone Messenger Ribonucleic Acid in GH3 Cells Endocrinology, August 1, 1997; 138(8): 3125 - 3132. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Sugawara, N. Sanno, N. Takahashi, R. Y. Osamura, and K. Abe Retinoid X Receptors in the Kidney: Their Protein Expression and Functional Significance Endocrinology, August 1, 1997; 138(8): 3175 - 3180. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. I. Sherman, M. D. Ringel, M. J. Smith, H. A. Kopelen, W. A. Zoghbi, and P. W. Ladenson Augmented Hepatic and Skeletal Thyromimetic Effects of Tiratricol in Comparison with Levothyroxine J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., July 1, 1997; 82(7): 2153 - 2158. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. A. O'Leary, H.-C. Li, P. A. Ram, P. McQuiddy, D. J. Waxman, and C. B. Kasper Thyroid Regulation of NADPH:Cytochrome P450 Oxidoreductase: Identification of a Thyroid-Responsive Element in the 5'-Flank of the Oxidoreductase Gene Mol. Pharmacol., July 1, 1997; 52(1): 46 - 53. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				A. S. Moriscot, M. R. Sayen, R. Hartong, P. Wu, and W. H. Dillmann Transcription of the Rat Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Ca2+ Adenosine Triphosphatase Gene Is Increased by 3,5,3'-Triiodothyronine Receptor Isoform-Specific Interactions with the Myocyte-Specific Enhancer Factor-2a Endocrinology, January 1, 1997; 138(1): 26 - 32. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. C. Leitman, C. H.R.M. Costa, H. Graf, J. D. Baxter, and R. C.J. Ribeiro Thyroid Hormone Activation of Transcription Is Potentiated by Activators of cAMP-dependent Protein Kinase J. Biol. Chem., September 6, 1996; 271(36): 21950 - 21955. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. M. Yen, Y. Liu, A. Sugawara, and W. W. Chin Vitamin D Receptors Repress Basal Transcription and Exert Dominant Negative Activity on Triiodothyronine-mediated Transcriptional Activity J. Biol. Chem., May 3, 1996; 271(18): 10910 - 10916. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. N. Hollenberg, T. Monden, and F. E. Wondisford Ligand-independent and -dependent Functions of Thyroid Hormone Receptor Isoforms Depend upon Their Distinct Amino Termini J. Biol. Chem., June 16, 1995; 270(24): 14274 - 14280. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T Perlmann and L Jansson A novel pathway for vitamin A signaling mediated by RXR heterodimerization with NGFI-B and NURR1. Genes & Dev., April 1, 1995; 9(7): 769 - 782. [Abstract] [PDF]

				R. W. Katz, J. S. Subauste, and R. J. Koenig The Interplay of Half-site Sequence and Spacing on the Activity of Direct Repeat Thyroid Hormone Response Elements J. Biol. Chem., March 10, 1995; 270(10): 5238 - 5242. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]