| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
ARTICLES |
T3–1 Cell Line: Differential Roles of Calcium and Protein Kinase C1
Department of Biochemistry, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University (N.R., S.S., D.H., Z.N.), Ramat Aviv 69978; and the Department of Membrane Research and Biophysics, The Weizmann Institute of Science (L.N.-L., R.S.), Rehovot 76100, Israel
Address all correspondence and requests for reprints to: Zvi Naor, Ph.D., Department of Biochemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel. E-mail: NAORZVI{at}CCSG.TAU.AC.IL
The mechanism of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK, ERK)
stimulation by the GnRH analog [D-Trp6]GnRH
(GnRH-a) was investigated in the gonadotroph-derived 
T3–1 cell
line. GnRH-a as well as the protein kinase C (PKC) activator
12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) stimulated a
sustained response of MAPK activity, whereas epidermal growth factor
(EGF) stimulated a transient response. MAPK kinase (MEK) is also
activated by GnRH-a, but in a transient manner. GnRH-a and TPA
apparently activated mainly the MAPK isoform ERK1, as revealed by
Mono-Q fast protein liquid chromatography followed by Western blotting
as well as by gel kinase assay. GnRH-a and TPA stimulated the tyrosine
phosphorylation of several proteins, and this effect as well as the
stimulation of MAPK activity were inhibited by the PKC inhibitor GF
109203X. Similarly, down-regulation of TPA-sensitive PKC subspecies
nearly abolished the effect of GnRH-a and TPA on MAPK activity.
Furthermore, the protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) inhibitor genistein
inhibited protein tyrosine phosphorylation and reduced
GnRH-a-stimulated MAPK activity by 50%, suggesting the participation
of genistein-sensitive and insensitive pathways in GnRH-a action.
Although Ca2+ ionophores have only a marginal stimulatory
effect, the removal of Ca2+ markedly reduced MAPK
activation by GnRH-a and TPA, but had no effect on GnRH-a and TPA
stimulation of protein tyrosine phosphorylation. Interestingly, the
removal of Ca2+ also partly inhibited the activation of
MAPK by EGF and vanadate/H2O2. Thus, a
calcium-dependent component(s) downstream of PKC and PTK might also
participate in MAPK activation. Elevation of cAMP by forskolin exerted
partial inhibition on EGF, but not on TPA or GnRH-a action, suggesting
that MEK activators other than Raf-1 might be involved in GnRH action.
We conclude that Ca2+, PTK, and PKC participate in the
activation of MAPK by GnRH-a, with Ca2+ being necessary
downstream to PKC and PTK.
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  S. I. Mayer, V. Dexheimer, E. Nishida, S. Kitajima, and G. Thiel Expression of the Transcriptional Repressor ATF3 in Gonadotrophs Is Regulated by Egr-1, CREB, and ATF2 after Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptor Stimulation Endocrinology, December 1, 2008; 149(12): 6311 - 6325. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. B. Salisbury, A. K. Binder, and J. H. Nilson Welcoming {beta}-Catenin to the Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Transcriptional Network in Gonadotropes Mol. Endocrinol., June 1, 2008; 22(6): 1295 - 1303. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. Chuderland, G. Marmor, A. Shainskaya, and R. Seger Calcium-mediated Interactions Regulate the Subcellular Localization of Extracellular Signal-regulated Kinases J. Biol. Chem., April 25, 2008; 283(17): 11176 - 11188. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. P. Ford, K. V. Wong, V. B. Lu, E. Posse de Chaves, and P. A. Smith Differential Neurotrophic Regulation of Sodium and Calcium Channels in an Adult Sympathetic Neuron J Neurophysiol, March 1, 2008; 99(3): 1319 - 1332. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. J. Haisenleder, L. L. Burger, H. E. Walsh, J. Stevens, K. W. Aylor, M. A. Shupnik, and J. C. Marshall Pulsatile Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Stimulation of Gonadotropin Subunit Transcription in Rat Pituitaries: Evidence for the Involvement of Jun N-Terminal Kinase But Not p38 Endocrinology, January 1, 2008; 149(1): 139 - 145. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Shafiee-Kermani, S.-o. Han, and W. L. Miller Chronic Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Inhibits Activin Induction of the Ovine Follicle-Stimulating Hormone {beta}-Subunit: Involvement of 3',5'-Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate Response Element Binding Protein and Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I Endocrinology, July 1, 2007; 148(7): 3346 - 3355. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. M. Navratil, J. G. Knoll, J. D. Whitesell, S. A. Tobet, and C. M. Clay Neuroendocrine Plasticity in the Anterior Pituitary: Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone-Mediated Movement in Vitro and in Vivo Endocrinology, April 1, 2007; 148(4): 1736 - 1744. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. P. Bliss, A. M. Navratil, M. Breed, D. C. Skinner, C. M. Clay, and M. S. Roberson Signaling Complexes Associated with the Type I Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Receptor: Colocalization of Extracellularly Regulated Kinase 2 and GnRH Receptor within Membrane Rafts Mol. Endocrinol., February 1, 2007; 21(2): 538 - 549. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T Zhang and M S Roberson Role of MAP kinase phosphatases in GnRH-dependent activation of MAP kinases J. Mol. Endocrinol., February 1, 2006; 36(1): 41 - 50. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. Mantovani, S. Bondioni, S. Ferrero, B. Gamba, E. Ferrante, E. Peverelli, S. Corbetta, M. Locatelli, P. Rampini, P. Beck-Peccoz, et al. Effect of Cyclic Adenosine 3',5'-Monophosphate/Protein Kinase A Pathway on Markers of Cell Proliferation in Nonfunctioning Pituitary Adenomas J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., December 1, 2005; 90(12): 6721 - 6724. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. J. Westphal and A. F. Seasholtz Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Positively Regulates Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone-Binding Protein Expression via Multiple Intracellular Signaling Pathways and a Multipartite GnRH Response Element in {alpha}T3-1 Cells Mol. Endocrinol., November 1, 2005; 19(11): 2780 - 2797. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Xie, S. P. Bliss, T. M. Nett, B. J. Ebersole, S. C. Sealfon, and M. S. Roberson Transcript Profiling of Immediate Early Genes Reveals a Unique Role for Activating Transcription Factor 3 in Mediating Activation of the Glycoprotein Hormone {alpha}-Subunit Promoter by Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Mol. Endocrinol., October 1, 2005; 19(10): 2624 - 2638. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D.J. Haisenleder, L.L. Burger, K.W. Aylor, A.C. Dalkin, H.E. Walsh, M.A. Shupnik, and J.C. Marshall Testosterone Stimulates Follicle-Stimulating Hormone {beta} Transcription via Activation of Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase: Evidence in Rat Pituitary Cells Biol Reprod, March 1, 2005; 72(3): 523 - 529. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Rose, P. Froment, V. Perrot, M. J. Quon, D. LeRoith, and J. Dupont The Luteinizing Hormone-releasing Hormone Inhibits the Anti-apoptotic Activity of Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 in Pituitary {alpha}T3 Cells by Protein Kinase C{alpha}-mediated Negative Regulation of Akt J. Biol. Chem., December 10, 2004; 279(50): 52500 - 52516. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L L Burger, D J Haisenleder, A C Dalkin, and J C Marshall Regulation of gonadotropin subunit gene transcription J. Mol. Endocrinol., December 1, 2004; 33(3): 559 - 584. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K.-Y. Kim, K.-C. Choi, S.-H. Park, C.-S. Chou, N. Auersperg, and P. C. K. Leung Type II Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Stimulates p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase and Apoptosis in Ovarian Cancer Cells J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., June 1, 2004; 89(6): 3020 - 3026. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Bonfil, D. Chuderland, S. Kraus, D. Shahbazian, I. Friedberg, R. Seger, and Z. Naor Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase, Jun N-Terminal Kinase, p38, and c-Src Are Involved in Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone-Stimulated Activity of the Glycoprotein Hormone Follicle-Stimulating Hormone {beta}-Subunit Promoter Endocrinology, May 1, 2004; 145(5): 2228 - 2244. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Ulloa-Aguirre, J. A. Janovick, A. Leanos-Miranda, and P. M. Conn Misrouted cell surface GnRH receptors as a disease aetiology for congenital isolated hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism Hum. Reprod. Update, March 1, 2004; 10(2): 177 - 192. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Roelle, R. Grosse, A. Aigner, H. W. Krell, F. Czubayko, and T. Gudermann Matrix Metalloproteinases 2 and 9 Mediate Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Transactivation by Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone J. Biol. Chem., November 21, 2003; 278(47): 47307 - 47318. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. A. Jackson, D. M. Koterwas, M. A. Morgan, and A. P. Bradford Fibroblast Growth Factors Regulate Prolactin Transcription via an Atypical Rac-Dependent Signaling Pathway Mol. Endocrinol., October 1, 2003; 17(10): 1921 - 1930. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Kraus, O. Benard, Z. Naor, and R. Seger c-Src Is Activated by the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor in a Pathway That Mediates JNK and ERK Activation by Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone in COS7 Cells J. Biol. Chem., August 29, 2003; 278(35): 32618 - 32630. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. M. Navratil, S. P. Bliss, K. A. Berghorn, J. M. Haughian, T. A. Farmerie, J. K. Graham, C. M. Clay, and M. S. Roberson Constitutive Localization of the Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone (GnRH) Receptor to Low Density Membrane Microdomains Is Necessary for GnRH Signaling to ERK J. Biol. Chem., August 22, 2003; 278(34): 31593 - 31602. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. P. Ford, W. F. Dryden, and P. A. Smith Neurotrophic Regulation of Calcium Channels by the Peptide Neurotransmitter Luteinizing Hormone Releasing Hormone J. Neurosci., August 6, 2003; 23(18): 7169 - 7175. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. J. Haisenleder, L. L. Burger, K. W. Aylor, A. C. Dalkin, and J. C. Marshall Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Stimulation of Gonadotropin Subunit Transcription: Evidence for the Involvement of Calcium/Calmodulin-Dependent Kinase II (Ca/CAMK II) Activation in Rat Pituitaries Endocrinology, July 1, 2003; 144(7): 2768 - 2774. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Chamson-Reig, E. M. Sorianello, P. N. Catalano, M. O. Fernandez, O. P. Pignataro, C. Libertun, and V. A. R. Lux-Lantos Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Signaling Pathways in an Experimental Ovarian Tumor Endocrinology, July 1, 2003; 144(7): 2957 - 2966. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. J. Haisenleder, H. A. Ferris, and M. A. Shupnik The Calcium Component of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone-Stimulated Luteinizing Hormone Subunit Gene Transcription Is Mediated by Calcium/Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type II Endocrinology, June 1, 2003; 144(6): 2409 - 2416. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Y. Bedecarrats, K. D. Linher, and U. B. Kaiser Two Common Naturally Occurring Mutations in the Human Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Receptor Have Differential Effects on Gonadotropin Gene Expression and on GnRH-Mediated Signal Transduction J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., February 1, 2003; 88(2): 834 - 843. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Harris, D. Chuderland, D. Bonfil, S. Kraus, R. Seger, and Z. Naor Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase and c-Src, But Not Jun N-Terminal Kinase, Are Involved in Basal and Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone-Stimulated Activity of the Glycoprotein Hormone {alpha}-Subunit Promoter Endocrinology, February 1, 2003; 144(2): 612 - 622. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. H. Shah, J.-W. Soh, and K. J. Catt Dependence of Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone-induced Neuronal MAPK Signaling on Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Transactivation J. Biol. Chem., January 24, 2003; 278(5): 2866 - 2875. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Desclozeaux, I. N. Krylova, F. Horn, R. J. Fletterick, and H. A. Ingraham Phosphorylation and Intramolecular Stabilization of the Ligand Binding Domain in the Nuclear Receptor Steroidogenic Factor 1 Mol. Cell. Biol., October 15, 2002; 22(20): 7193 - 7203. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. V. Vasilyev, M. A. Lawson, D. Dipaolo, N. J. G. Webster, and P. L. Mellon Different Signaling Pathways Control Acute Induction versus Long-Term Repression of LH{beta} Transcription by GnRH Endocrinology, September 1, 2002; 143(9): 3414 - 3426. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. V. Vasilyev, F. Pernasetti, S. B. Rosenberg, M. J. Barsoum, D. A. Austin, N. J. G. Webster, and P. L. Mellon Transcriptional Activation of the Ovine Follicle-Stimulating Hormone-{beta} Gene by Gonadotropin- Releasing Hormone Involves Multiple Signal Transduction Pathways Endocrinology, May 1, 2002; 143(5): 1651 - 1659. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Liu, D. A. Austin, P. L. Mellon, J. M. Olefsky, and N. J. G. Webster GnRH Activates ERK1/2 Leading to the Induction of c-fos and LH{beta} Protein Expression in L{beta}T2 Cells Mol. Endocrinol., March 1, 2002; 16(3): 419 - 434. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Harris, D. Bonfil, D. CHuderland, S. Kraus, R. Seger, and Z. Naor Activation of MAPK Cascades by GnRH: ERK and Jun N-Terminal Kinase Are Involved in Basal and GnRH-Stimulated Activity of the Glycoprotein Hormone LH{beta}-Subunit Promoter Endocrinology, March 1, 2002; 143(3): 1018 - 1025. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. R. Duan, M. Ito, Y. Park, E. T. Maizels, M. Hunzicker-Dunn, and J. L. Jameson GnRH Regulates Early Growth Response Protein 1 Transcription Through Multiple Promoter Elements Mol. Endocrinol., February 1, 2002; 16(2): 221 - 233. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D.J. Haisenleder, L.J. Workman, L.L. Burger, K.W. Aylor, A.C. Dalkin, and J.C. Marshall Gonadotropin Subunit Transcriptional Responses to Calcium Signals in the Rat: Evidence for Regulation by Pulse Frequency Biol Reprod, December 1, 2001; 65(6): 1789 - 1793. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Zhang, M. W. Wolfe, and M. S. Roberson An Early Growth Response Protein (Egr) 1 cis-Element Is Required for Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone-induced Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Phosphatase 2 Gene Expression J. Biol. Chem., November 30, 2001; 276(49): 45604 - 45613. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. M. Everest, J. N. Hislop, T. Harding, J. B. Uney, A. Flynn, R. P. Millar, and C. A. McArdle Signaling and Antiproliferative Effects Mediated by GnRH Receptors After Expression in Breast Cancer Cells Using Recombinant Adenovirus Endocrinology, November 1, 2001; 142(11): 4663 - 4672. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. A. Jackson, R. E. Schweppe, D. M. Koterwas, and A. P. Bradford Fibroblast Growth Factor Activation of the Rat PRL Promoter is Mediated by PKC{delta} Mol. Endocrinol., September 1, 2001; 15(9): 1517 - 1528. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Maya-Nunez and P. Michael Conn Cyclic Adenosine 3',5'-Monophosphate (cAMP) and cAMP Responsive Element-Binding Protein Are Involved in the Transcriptional Regulation of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Receptor by GnRH and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signal Transduction Pathway in GGH3 Cells Biol Reprod, August 1, 2001; 65(2): 561 - 567. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. K. Kang, C.-J. Tai, P. S. Nathwani, K.-C. Choi, and P. C. K. Leung Stimulation of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase by Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone in Human Granulosa-Luteal Cells Endocrinology, February 1, 2001; 142(2): 671 - 679. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Sosnowski, P. L. Mellon, and M. A. Lawson Activation of Translation in Pituitary Gonadotrope Cells by Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Mol. Endocrinol., November 1, 2000; 14(11): 1811 - 1819. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. S. Johnson, E. M. Lutz, C. J. MacKenzie, W. B. Wolbers, D. N. Robertson, P. J. Holland, and R. Mitchell Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptor Activation of Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase and Tyrosine Kinases in Transfected GH3 Cells and in {alpha}T3-1 Cells Endocrinology, September 1, 2000; 141(9): 3087 - 3097. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. G. Andreis, A. Markowska, H. C. Champion, G. Mazzocchi, L. K. Malendowicz, and G. G. Nussdorfer Adrenomedullin Enhances Cell Proliferation and Deoxyribonucleic Acid Synthesis in Rat Adrenal Zona Glomerulosa: Receptor Subtype Involved and Signaling Mechanism Endocrinology, June 1, 2000; 141(6): 2098 - 2104. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. M. Mulvaney and M. S. Roberson Divergent Signaling Pathways Requiring Discrete Calcium Signals Mediate Concurrent Activation of Two Mitogen-activated Protein Kinases by Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone J. Biol. Chem., May 5, 2000; 275(19): 14182 - 14189. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Grosse, S. Roelle, A. Herrlich, J. Hohn, and T. Gudermann Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Mediates Ras Activation by Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone J. Biol. Chem., April 14, 2000; 275(16): 12251 - 12260. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Grosse, A. Schmid, T. Schoneberg, A. Herrlich, P. Muhn, G. Schultz, and T. Gudermann Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone Receptor Initiates Multiple Signaling Pathways by Exclusively Coupling to Gq/11 Proteins J. Biol. Chem., March 24, 2000; 275(13): 9193 - 9200. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Kimura, M. Ohmichi, K. Tasaka, Y. Kanda, H. Ikegami, J. Hayakawa, K. Hisamoto, K.-i. Morishige, S. Hinuma, H. Kurachi, et al. Prolactin-releasing Peptide Activation of the Prolactin Promoter Is Differentially Mediated by Extracellular Signal-regulated Protein Kinase and c-Jun N-terminal Protein Kinase J. Biol. Chem., February 4, 2000; 275(5): 3667 - 3674. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. M. Mulvaney, T. Zhang, C. Fewtrell, and M. S. Roberson Calcium Influx through L-type Channels Is Required for Selective Activation of Extracellular Signal-regulated Kinase by Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone J. Biol. Chem., October 15, 1999; 274(42): 29796 - 29804. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Kimura, M. Ohmichi, H. Kurachi, H. Ikegami, J. Hayakawa, K. Tasaka, Y. Kanda, Y. Nishio, H. Jikihara, N. Matsuura, et al. Role of Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase/Extracellular Signal-regulated Kinase Cascade in Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone-induced Growth Inhibition of a Human Ovarian Cancer Cell Line Cancer Res., October 1, 1999; 59(20): 5133 - 5142. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. B. Call and M. W. Wolfe Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Activates the Equine Luteinizing Hormone {beta} Promoter Through a Protein Kinase C/Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathway Biol Reprod, September 1, 1999; 61(3): 715 - 723. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. R. Duan, J. L. Shin, and J. L. Jameson Estradiol Suppresses Phosphorylation of Cyclic Adenosine 3',5'-Monophosphate Response Element Binding Protein (CREB) in the Pituitary: Evidence for Indirect Action via Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Mol. Endocrinol., August 1, 1999; 13(8): 1338 - 1352. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. W. Wolfe and G. B. Call Early Growth Response Protein 1 Binds to the Luteinizing Hormone-{beta} Promoter and Mediates Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone-Stimulated Gene Expression Mol. Endocrinol., May 1, 1999; 13(5): 752 - 763. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
X.-b. Han and P. M. Conn The Role of Protein Kinases A and C Pathways in the Regulation of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Activation in Response to Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptor Activation Endocrinology, May 1, 1999; 140(5): 2241 - 2251. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. R. White, D. L. Duval, J. M. Mulvaney, M. S. Roberson, and C. M. Clay Homologous Regulation of the Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptor Gene Is Partially Mediated by Protein Kinase C Activation of an Activator Protein-1 Element Mol. Endocrinol., April 1, 1999; 13(4): 566 - 577. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. S. Roberson, T. Zhang, H. L. Li, and J. M. Mulvaney Activation of the p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathway by Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Endocrinology, March 1, 1999; 140(3): 1310 - 1318. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. J. Evans Modulation of Gonadotropin Levels by Peptides Acting at the Anterior Pituitary Gland Endocr. Rev., February 1, 1999; 20(1): 46 - 67. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
X. Lin and P. M. Conn Transcriptional Activation of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Receptor Gene by GnRH: Involvement of Multiple Signal Transduction Pathways Endocrinology, January 1, 1999; 140(1): 358 - 364. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. M. Colin and J. L. Jameson Estradiol Sensitization of Rat Pituitary Cells to Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone: Involvement of Protein Kinase C- and Calcium-Dependent Signaling Pathways Endocrinology, September 1, 1998; 139(9): 3796 - 3802. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
