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Endocrinology Vol. 139, No. 12 4945-4952
Copyright © 1998 by The Endocrine Society

ARTICLES

Thyroid Hormone Action on Liver, Heart, and Energy Expenditure in Thyroid Hormone Receptor ß-Deficient Mice1

Roy E. Weiss, Yoshiharu Murata, Kevin Cua, Yoshitaka Hayashi, Hisao Seo and Samuel Refetoff

Departments of Medicine (R.E.W., K.C., S.R.) and Pediatrics (S.R.) and the J. P. Kennedy, Jr. Mental Retardation Research Center (S.R.), The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637; Division of Molecular and Cellular Adaptation (Y.M., Y.H., H.S.), Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan

Address all correspondence and requests for reprints to: Roy E. Weiss, M.D., Ph.D., Thyroid Study Unit, MC 3090, University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637-1470. E-mail: rweiss{at}medicine.bsd.uchicago.edu

Thyroid hormone (TH) responsive genes can be both positively and negatively regulated by TH through receptors (TR) {alpha} and ß expressed in most body tissues. However, their relative roles in the regulation of specific gene expression remain unknown. The TRß knockout mouse, which lacks both TRß1 and TRß2 isoforms, provides a model to examine the role of these receptors in mediating TH action. TRß deficient (TRß-/-) mice that show no compensatory increase in TR{alpha}, and wild-type (TRß+/+) mice of the same strain were deprived of TH by feeding them a low iodine diet containing propylthiouracil, and were then treated with supraphysiological doses of L-T3 (0.5, 5.5, and 25 µg/day/mouse).

TH deprivation alone increased the serum cholesterol concentration by 25% in TRß+/+ mice and reduced it paradoxically by 23% in TRß-/- mice. TH deprivation reduced the serum alkaline phosphatase (AP) concentration by 31% in TRß+/+ mice but showed no change in the TRß-/- mice. Treatment with L-T3 (0.5 to 25 µg/mouse/day) caused a 57% decrease in serum cholesterol and a 231% increase in serum AP in the TRß+/+ mice. The TRß-/- mice were resistant to the L-T3 induced changes in serum cholesterol and showed increase in AP only with the highest L-T3 dose. Basal heart rate (HR) in TRß-/- mice was higher than that of TRß+/+ mice by 11%. HR and energy expenditure (EE) in both TRß+/+ and TRß-/- mice showed similar decreases (49 and 46%)and increases (49 and 41%) in response to TH deprivation and L-T3 treatment, respectively. The effect of TH on the accumulation of messenger RNA (mRNA) of TH regulated liver genes was also examined. TH deprivation down regulated spot 14 (S14) mRNA and showed no change in malic enzyme (ME) mRNA in both TRß+/+ and TRß-/- mice. In contrast treatment with L-T3 produced an increase in S14 and ME but no change in TRß-/- mice.

From these results, it can be concluded that regulation of HR and EE are independent of TRß. With the exception of serum cholesterol concentration and liver ME mRNA accumulation, all other markers of TH action examined during TH deprivation exhibited the expected responses in the absence of TRß. Thus, as previously shown for serum TSH, TRß is not absolutely necessary for some changes typical of hypothyroidism to occur. In contrast, except for HR and EE, the full manifestation of TH-mediated action required the presence of TRß.




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