help button home button Endocrine Society Endocrinology
HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
This Article
Right arrow Full Text
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow An erratum has been published
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow Request Copyright Permission
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Weiss, R. E.
Right arrow Articles by Refetoff, S.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Weiss, R. E.
Right arrow Articles by Refetoff, S.
Endocrinology Vol. 139, No. 12 4945-4952
Copyright © 1998 by The Endocrine Society

ARTICLES

Thyroid Hormone Action on Liver, Heart, and Energy Expenditure in Thyroid Hormone Receptor ß-Deficient Mice1

Roy E. Weiss, Yoshiharu Murata, Kevin Cua, Yoshitaka Hayashi, Hisao Seo and Samuel Refetoff

Departments of Medicine (R.E.W., K.C., S.R.) and Pediatrics (S.R.) and the J. P. Kennedy, Jr. Mental Retardation Research Center (S.R.), The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637; Division of Molecular and Cellular Adaptation (Y.M., Y.H., H.S.), Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan

Address all correspondence and requests for reprints to: Roy E. Weiss, M.D., Ph.D., Thyroid Study Unit, MC 3090, University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637-1470. E-mail: rweiss{at}medicine.bsd.uchicago.edu

Thyroid hormone (TH) responsive genes can be both positively and negatively regulated by TH through receptors (TR) {alpha} and ß expressed in most body tissues. However, their relative roles in the regulation of specific gene expression remain unknown. The TRß knockout mouse, which lacks both TRß1 and TRß2 isoforms, provides a model to examine the role of these receptors in mediating TH action. TRß deficient (TRß-/-) mice that show no compensatory increase in TR{alpha}, and wild-type (TRß+/+) mice of the same strain were deprived of TH by feeding them a low iodine diet containing propylthiouracil, and were then treated with supraphysiological doses of L-T3 (0.5, 5.5, and 25 µg/day/mouse).

TH deprivation alone increased the serum cholesterol concentration by 25% in TRß+/+ mice and reduced it paradoxically by 23% in TRß-/- mice. TH deprivation reduced the serum alkaline phosphatase (AP) concentration by 31% in TRß+/+ mice but showed no change in the TRß-/- mice. Treatment with L-T3 (0.5 to 25 µg/mouse/day) caused a 57% decrease in serum cholesterol and a 231% increase in serum AP in the TRß+/+ mice. The TRß-/- mice were resistant to the L-T3 induced changes in serum cholesterol and showed increase in AP only with the highest L-T3 dose. Basal heart rate (HR) in TRß-/- mice was higher than that of TRß+/+ mice by 11%. HR and energy expenditure (EE) in both TRß+/+ and TRß-/- mice showed similar decreases (49 and 46%)and increases (49 and 41%) in response to TH deprivation and L-T3 treatment, respectively. The effect of TH on the accumulation of messenger RNA (mRNA) of TH regulated liver genes was also examined. TH deprivation down regulated spot 14 (S14) mRNA and showed no change in malic enzyme (ME) mRNA in both TRß+/+ and TRß-/- mice. In contrast treatment with L-T3 produced an increase in S14 and ME but no change in TRß-/- mice.

From these results, it can be concluded that regulation of HR and EE are independent of TRß. With the exception of serum cholesterol concentration and liver ME mRNA accumulation, all other markers of TH action examined during TH deprivation exhibited the expected responses in the absence of TRß. Thus, as previously shown for serum TSH, TRß is not absolutely necessary for some changes typical of hypothyroidism to occur. In contrast, except for HR and EE, the full manifestation of TH-mediated action required the presence of TRß.




This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
M. Vujovic, K. Nordstrom, K. Gauthier, F. Flamant, T. J. Visser, B. Vennstrom, and J. Mittag
Interference of a Mutant Thyroid Hormone Receptor {alpha}1 with Hepatic Glucose Metabolism
Endocrinology, June 1, 2009; 150(6): 2940 - 2947.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
P. Pelletier, K. Gauthier, O. Sideleva, J. Samarut, and J. E. Silva
Mice Lacking the Thyroid Hormone Receptor-{alpha} Gene Spend More Energy in Thermogenesis, Burn More Fat, and Are Less Sensitive to High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity
Endocrinology, December 1, 2008; 149(12): 6471 - 6486.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Toxicol SciHome page
D. Crump, S. Chiu, C. Egloff, and S. W. Kennedy
Effects of Hexabromocyclododecane and Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers on mRNA Expression in Chicken (Gallus domesticus) Hepatocytes
Toxicol. Sci., December 1, 2008; 106(2): 479 - 487.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J Mol EndocrinolHome page
R. Keijzer, P.-J. E Blommaart, W. T Labruyere, J. L M Vermeulen, B. Z. Doulabi, O. Bakker, D. Tibboel, and W. H Lamers
Expression of thyroid hormone receptors A and B in developing rat tissues; evidence for extensive posttranscriptional regulation
J. Mol. Endocrinol., May 1, 2007; 38(5): 523 - 535.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
Y.-Y. Liu, R. S. Heymann, F. Moatamed, J. J. Schultz, D. Sobel, and G. A. Brent
A Mutant Thyroid Hormone Receptor {alpha} Antagonizes Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor {alpha} Signaling in Vivo and Impairs Fatty Acid Oxidation
Endocrinology, March 1, 2007; 148(3): 1206 - 1217.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Nucleic Acids ResHome page
D.-J. Shin, M. Plateroti, J. Samarut, and T. F. Osborne
Two uniquely arranged thyroid hormone response elements in the far upstream 5' flanking region confer direct thyroid hormone regulation to the murine cholesterol 7{alpha} hydroxylase gene
Nucleic Acids Res., September 1, 2006; 34(14): 3853 - 3861.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
A. M. Dumitrescu, X.-H. Liao, R. E. Weiss, K. Millen, and S. Refetoff
Tissue-Specific Thyroid Hormone Deprivation and Excess in Monocarboxylate Transporter (Mct) 8-Deficient Mice
Endocrinology, September 1, 2006; 147(9): 4036 - 4043.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J EndocrinolHome page
I Stoykov, B Zandieh-Doulabi, A F M Moorman, V Christoffels, W M Wiersinga, and O Bakker
Expression pattern and ontogenesis of thyroid hormone receptor isoforms in the mouse heart.
J. Endocrinol., May 1, 2006; 189(2): 231 - 245.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
C. Fugier, J.-J. Tousaint, X. Prieur, M. Plateroti, J. Samarut, and P. Delerive
The Lipoprotein Lipase Inhibitor ANGPTL3 Is Negatively Regulated by Thyroid Hormone
J. Biol. Chem., April 28, 2006; 281(17): 11553 - 11559.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
K. Hashimoto, R. N. Cohen, M. Yamada, K. R. Markan, T. Monden, T. Satoh, M. Mori, and F. E. Wondisford
Cross-talk between Thyroid Hormone Receptor and Liver X Receptor Regulatory Pathways Is Revealed in a Thyroid Hormone Resistance Mouse Model
J. Biol. Chem., January 6, 2006; 281(1): 295 - 302.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Endocr. Rev.Home page
G. J. Kahaly and W. H. Dillmann
Thyroid Hormone Action in the Heart
Endocr. Rev., August 1, 2005; 26(5): 704 - 728.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
X. Prieur, T. Huby, H. Coste, F. G. Schaap, M. J. Chapman, and J. C. Rodriguez
Thyroid Hormone Regulates the Hypotriglyceridemic Gene APOA5
J. Biol. Chem., July 29, 2005; 280(30): 27533 - 27543.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
L. Johansson, M. Rudling, T. S. Scanlan, T. Lundasen, P. Webb, J. Baxter, B. Angelin, and P. Parini
Selective thyroid receptor modulation by GC-1 reduces serum lipids and stimulates steps of reverse cholesterol transport in euthyroid mice
PNAS, July 19, 2005; 102(29): 10297 - 10302.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
H. Marrif, A. Schifman, Z. Stepanyan, M.-A. Gillis, A. Calderone, R. E. Weiss, J. Samarut, and J. E. Silva
Temperature Homeostasis in Transgenic Mice Lacking Thyroid Hormone Receptor-{alpha} Gene Products
Endocrinology, July 1, 2005; 146(7): 2872 - 2884.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
W. Mai, M. F. Janier, N. Allioli, L. Quignodon, T. Chuzel, F. Flamant, and J. Samarut
Thyroid hormone receptor {alpha} is a molecular switch of cardiac function between fetal and postnatal life
PNAS, July 13, 2004; 101(28): 10332 - 10337.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol.Home page
A. Alfadda, R. A. DosSantos, Z. Stepanyan, H. Marrif, and J. E. Silva
Mice with deletion of the mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene exhibit a thrifty phenotype: effect of gender
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, July 1, 2004; 287(1): R147 - R156.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
T. M. Ortiga-Carvalho, K. Hashimoto, C. C. Pazos-Moura, D. Geenen, R. Cohen, R. M. Lang, and F. E. Wondisford
Thyroid Hormone Resistance in the Heart: Role of the Thyroid Hormone Receptor {beta} Isoform
Endocrinology, April 1, 2004; 145(4): 1625 - 1633.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
G. J. Grover, D. M. Egan, P. G. Sleph, B. C. Beehler, G. Chiellini, N.-H. Nguyen, J. D. Baxter, and T. S. Scanlan
Effects of the Thyroid Hormone Receptor Agonist GC-1 on Metabolic Rate and Cholesterol in Rats and Primates: Selective Actions Relative to 3,5,3'-Triiodo-L-Thyronine
Endocrinology, April 1, 2004; 145(4): 1656 - 1661.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
K. Feingold, M. S. Kim, J. Shigenaga, A. Moser, and C. Grunfeld
Altered expression of nuclear hormone receptors and coactivators in mouse heart during the acute-phase response
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, February 1, 2004; 286(2): E201 - E207.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
R. A. DosSantos, A. Alfadda, K. Eto, T. Kadowaki, and J. E. Silva
Evidence for a Compensated Thermogenic Defect in Transgenic Mice Lacking the Mitochondrial Glycerol-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Gene
Endocrinology, December 1, 2003; 144(12): 5469 - 5479.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
Y.-Y. Liu, J. J. Schultz, and G. A. Brent
A Thyroid Hormone Receptor {alpha} Gene Mutation (P398H) Is Associated with Visceral Adiposity and Impaired Catecholamine-stimulated Lipolysis in Mice
J. Biol. Chem., October 3, 2003; 278(40): 38913 - 38920.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
G. J. Grover, K. Mellstrom, L. Ye, J. Malm, Y.-L. Li, L.-G. Bladh, P. G. Sleph, M. A. Smith, R. George, B. Vennstrom, et al.
Selective thyroid hormone receptor-{beta} activation: A strategy for reduction of weight, cholesterol, and lipoprotein (a) with reduced cardiovascular liability
PNAS, August 19, 2003; 100(17): 10067 - 10072.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 ANN INTERN MEDHome page
J. E. Silva
The Thermogenic Effect of Thyroid Hormone and Its Clinical Implications
Ann Intern Med, August 5, 2003; 139(3): 205 - 213.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
S. Makihira, W. Yan, H. Murakami, M. Furukawa, T. Kawai, H. Nikawa, E. Yoshida, T. Hamada, Y. Okada, and Y. Kato
Thyroid Hormone Enhances Aggrecanase-2/ADAM-TS5 Expression and Proteoglycan Degradation in Growth Plate Cartilage
Endocrinology, June 1, 2003; 144(6): 2480 - 2488.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Mol. Endocrinol.Home page
P. M. Sadow, E. Koo, O. Chassande, K. Gauthier, J. Samarut, J. Xu, B. W. O'Malley, H. Seo, Y. Murata, and R. E. Weiss
Thyroid Hormone Receptor-Specific Interactions with Steroid Receptor Coactivator-1 in the Pituitary
Mol. Endocrinol., May 1, 2003; 17(5): 882 - 894.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Mol. Endocrinol.Home page
H. Suzuki, X.-Y. Zhang, D. Forrest, M. C. Willingham, and S.-Y. Cheng
Marked Potentiation of the Dominant Negative Action of a Mutant Thyroid Hormone Receptor {beta} in Mice by the Ablation of One Wild-Type {beta} Allele
Mol. Endocrinol., May 1, 2003; 17(5): 895 - 907.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Appl. Physiol.Home page
J. A. Levine, J. Nygren, K. R. Short, and K. S. Nair
Effect of hyperthyroidism on spontaneous physical activity and energy expenditure in rats
J Appl Physiol, January 1, 2003; 94(1): 165 - 170.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
P. M. Sadow, O. Chassande, K. Gauthier, J. Samarut, J. Xu, B. W. O'Malley, and R. E. Weiss
Specificity of thyroid hormone receptor subtype and steroid receptor coactivator-1 on thyroid hormone action
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, January 1, 2003; 284(1): E36 - E46.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
A. P. Beigneux, A. H. Moser, J. K. Shigenaga, C. Grunfeld, and K. R. Feingold
Sick euthyroid syndrome is associated with decreased TR expression and DNA binding in mouse liver
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, January 1, 2003; 284(1): E228 - E236.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Mol. Endocrinol.Home page
X.-Y. Zhang, M. Kaneshige, Y. Kamiya, K. Kaneshige, P. McPhie, and S.-Y. Cheng
Differential Expression of Thyroid Hormone Receptor Isoforms Dictates the Dominant Negative Activity of Mutant {beta} Receptor
Mol. Endocrinol., September 1, 2002; 16(9): 2077 - 2092.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
R. E. Weiss, C. Korcarz, O. Chassande, K. Cua, P. M. Sadow, E. Koo, J. Samarut, and R. Lang
Thyroid hormone and cardiac function in mice deficient in thyroid hormone receptor-alpha or -beta : an echocardiograph study
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, September 1, 2002; 283(3): E428 - E435.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Mol. Endocrinol.Home page
H. Gullberg, M. Rudling, C. Salto, D. Forrest, B. Angelin, and B. Vennstrom
Requirement for Thyroid Hormone Receptor {beta} in T3 Regulation of Cholesterol Metabolism in Mice
Mol. Endocrinol., August 1, 2002; 16(8): 1767 - 1777.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
P. E. Macchia, P. Jiang, Y.-D. Yuan, R. A. S. Chandarardna, R. E. Weiss, O. Chassande, J. Samarut, S. Refetoff, and C. F. Burant
RXR receptor agonist suppression of thyroid function: central effects in the absence of thyroid hormone receptor
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, August 1, 2002; 283(2): E326 - E331.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Journal of the American Dental AssociationHome page
A. PINTO and M. GLICK
Management of patients with thyroid disease: Oral health considerations
J Am Dent Assoc, July 1, 2002; 133(7): 849 - 858.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Mol. Endocrinol.Home page
A. Flores-Morales, H. Gullberg, L. Fernandez, N. Stahlberg, N. H. Lee, B. Vennstrom, and G. Norstedt
Patterns of Liver Gene Expression Governed by TR{beta}
Mol. Endocrinol., June 1, 2002; 16(6): 1257 - 1268.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Mol. Endocrinol.Home page
F. Flamant, A.-L. Poguet, M. Plateroti, O. Chassande, K. Gauthier, N. Streichenberger, A. Mansouri, and J. Samarut
Congenital Hypothyroid Pax8-/- Mutant Mice Can Be Rescued by Inactivating the TR{alpha} Gene
Mol. Endocrinol., January 1, 2002; 16(1): 24 - 32.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
G. J. Kahaly, C. H. Matthews, S. Mohr-Kahaly, C. A. Richards, and V. K. K. Chatterjee
Cardiac Involvement in Thyroid Hormone Resistance
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., January 1, 2002; 87(1): 204 - 212.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Mol. Endocrinol.Home page
A. Mansen, F. Yu, D. Forrest, L. Larsson, and B. Vennstrom
TRs Have Common and Isoform-Specific Functions in Regulation of the Cardiac Myosin Heavy Chain Genes
Mol. Endocrinol., December 1, 2001; 15(12): 2106 - 2114.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Mol. Cell. Biol.Home page
K. Gauthier, M. Plateroti, C. B. Harvey, G. R. Williams, R. E. Weiss, S. Refetoff, J. F. Willott, V. Sundin, J.-P. Roux, L. Malaval, et al.
Genetic Analysis Reveals Different Functions for the Products of the Thyroid Hormone Receptor {alpha} Locus
Mol. Cell. Biol., July 15, 2001; 21(14): 4748 - 4760.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 CirculationHome page
K. Kinugawa, W. A. Minobe, W. M. Wood, E. C. Ridgway, J. D. Baxter, R. C. J. Ribeiro, M. F. Tawadrous, B. A. Lowes, C. S. Long, and M. R. Bristow
Signaling Pathways Responsible for Fetal Gene Induction in the Failing Human Heart : Evidence for Altered Thyroid Hormone Receptor Gene Expression
Circulation, February 27, 2001; 103(8): 1089 - 1094.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
P. E. Macchia, Y. Takeuchi, T. Kawai, K. Cua, K. Gauthier, O. Chassande, H. Seo, Y. Hayashi, J. Samarut, Y. Murata, et al.
Increased sensitivity to thyroid hormone in mice with complete deficiency of thyroid hormone receptor alpha
PNAS, December 14, 2000; (2000) 11306998.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

Home page
 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
M. Kaneshige, K. Kaneshige, X.-g. Zhu, A. Dace, L. Garrett, T. A. Carter, R. Kazlauskaite, D. G. Pankratz, A. Wynshaw-Boris, S. Refetoff, et al.
Mice with a targeted mutation in the thyroid hormone beta receptor gene exhibit impaired growth and resistance to thyroid hormone
PNAS, November 2, 2000; (2000) 230285997.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

Home page
 Mol. Endocrinol.Home page
H. Gullberg, M. Rudling, D. Forrest, B. Angelin, and B. Vennström
Thyroid Hormone Receptor {beta}-Deficient Mice Show Complete Loss of the Normal Cholesterol 7{alpha}-Hydroxylase (CYP7A) Response to Thyroid Hormone but Display Enhanced Resistance to Dietary Cholesterol
Mol. Endocrinol., November 1, 2000; 14(11): 1739 - 1749.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

Home page
 Mol. Endocrinol.Home page
X. Feng, Y. Jiang, P. Meltzer, and P. M. Yen
Thyroid Hormone Regulation of Hepatic Genes in Vivo Detected by Complementary DNA Microarray
Mol. Endocrinol., July 1, 2000; 14(7): 947 - 955.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

Home page
 BMJHome page
D. S. O'Reilly
Thyroid function tests---time for a reassessment
BMJ, May 13, 2000; 320(7245): 1332 - 1334.
[Full Text]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
R. E. Weiss and S. Refetoff
Editorial: Treatment of Resistance to Thyroid Hormone--Primum Non Nocere
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., February 1, 1999; 84(2): 401 - 404.
[Full Text]

Home page
 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
A. P. Beigneux, A. H. Moser, J. K. Shigenaga, C. Grunfeld, and K. R. Feingold
The Acute Phase Response Is Associated with Retinoid X Receptor Repression in Rodent Liver
J. Biol. Chem., May 19, 2000; 275(21): 16390 - 16399.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
M. S. Jansen, G. A. Cook, S. Song, and E. A. Park
Thyroid Hormone Regulates Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase Ialpha Gene Expression through Elements in the Promoter and First Intron
J. Biol. Chem., November 3, 2000; 275(45): 34989 - 34997.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
X. Feng, Y. Jiang, P. Meltzer, and P. M. Yen
Transgenic Targeting of a Dominant Negative Corepressor to Liver Blocks Basal Repression by Thyroid Hormone Receptor and Increases Cell Proliferation
J. Biol. Chem., April 27, 2001; 276(18): 15066 - 15072.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
P. E. Macchia, Y. Takeuchi, T. Kawai, K. Cua, K. Gauthier, O. Chassande, H. Seo, Y. Hayashi, J. Samarut, Y. Murata, et al.
Increased sensitivity to thyroid hormone in mice with complete deficiency of thyroid hormone receptor alpha
PNAS, January 2, 2001; 98(1): 349 - 354.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
M. Kaneshige, K. Kaneshige, X.-g. Zhu, A. Dace, L. Garrett, T. A. Carter, R. Kazlauskaite, D. G. Pankratz, A. Wynshaw-Boris, S. Refetoff, et al.
Mice with a targeted mutation in the thyroid hormone beta receptor gene exhibit impaired growth and resistance to thyroid hormone
PNAS, November 21, 2000; 97(24): 13209 - 13214.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
Endocrinology Endocrine Reviews J. Clin. End. & Metab.
Molecular Endocrinology Recent Prog. Horm. Res. All Endocrine Journals
Copyright © 1998 by The Endocrine Society