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Growth Factor-Mediated Proliferation and Differentiation of Insulin-Producing INS-1 and RINm5F Cells: Identification of Betacellulin as a Novel ß-Cell Mitogen¹

Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute and Children’s Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland

Address all correspondence and requests for reprints to: Dr. Mari-Anne Huotari, Transplantation Laboratory, P.O. Box 21 (Haartmaninkatu 3), FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland. E-mail: mari.huotari{at}helsinki.fi

It is not clear which growth factors are crucial for the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of pancreatic ß-cells. We used the relatively differentiated rat insulinoma cell line INS-1 to elucidate this issue. Responsiveness of the DNA synthesis of serum-starved cells was studied to a wide variety of growth factors. The most potent stimulators were PRL, GH, and betacellulin, a member of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) family that has not previously been shown to be mitogenic for ß-cells. In addition to these, only vascular endothelial growth factor, insulin-like growth factor-1 and -2, had significant mitogenic activity, whereas hepatocyte growth factor, nerve growth factor-ß, platelet-derived growth factors, basic fibroblast growth factor, EGF, transforming growth factor- (TGF-), neu differentiation factor, and TGF-ß were inactive. None of these factors affected the insulin content of INS-1 cells. In contrast, certain differentiation factors, including nicotinamide, sodium butyrate, activin A, and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ inhibited the DNA synthesis and increased the insulin content. Also all-trans-retinoic acid had an inhibitory effect on cell DNA synthesis but no effect on insulin content. From these findings betacellulin emerges as a novel growth factor for the ß-cell. Half-maximal stimulation of INS-1 DNA synthesis was obtained with 25 pM betacellulin. Interestingly, betacellulin had no effect on RINm5F cells, whereas both EGF and TGF- were slightly mitogenic. These effects may possibly be explained by differential expression of the erbB receptor tyrosine kinases. In RINm5F cells a spectrum of erbB gene expression was detected (EGF receptor/erbB-1, erbB-2/neu, and erbB-3), whereas INS-1 cells showed only expression of EGF receptor. Expression of the erbB-4 gene was undetectable in these cell lines. In summary, our results suggest that the INS-1 cell line is a suitable model for the study of ß-cell growth and differentiation because the responses to previously identified ß-cell mitogens were essentially similar to those reported in primary cells. In addition, we have identified betacellulin as a possible modulator of ß-cell growth.

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