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Estrogen Prevents Glucocorticoid-Induced Apoptosis in Osteoblasts in Vivo and in Vitro¹

Department of Orthopedic Surgery (M.-B.M., G.G.) and Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology (A.G.), University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06032

Address all correspondence and requests for reprints to: Gloria Gronowicz, Ph.D., Department of Orthopedic Surgery, MC 1110, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030. E-mail: gronowicz{at}nso1.uchc.edu

The ability of estrogen to prevent glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis in osteoblasts was studied both in vitro and in vivo. Glucocorticoid treatment for 72 h produced a dose-dependent increase in the number of apoptotic cells, determined by acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining, with a maximal response of 31 ± 2% and 26 ± 3% with 100 nM corticosterone in primary rat and mouse osteoblasts, respectively. Simultaneous administration of varying concentrations of 17ß-estradiol and 100 nM corticosterone decreased apoptotic osteoblasts in a dose-dependent manner, with a maximal decrease of 70% with 0.01 nM 17ß-estradiol. Terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated deoxy-UTP-biotin nick end labeling also demonstrated glucocorticoid-induced DNA fragmentation that was inhibited by estrogen. Estrogen was shown to inhibit apoptosis induced by lipopolysaccharide treatment. As early as 6 h, Western blots demonstrated a dose-dependent decrease in the Bcl-2/Bax ratio, which reached a minimum of 0.18 in osteoblasts treated with 1000 nM corticosterone for 72 h. This reduction in Bcl-2/Bax was abolished by treating osteoblasts simultaneously with 17ß-estradiol, but not with 17-estradiol. In 7-day-old mice, administration of varying concentrations of dexamethasone for 72 h resulted in a dose-dependent increase in the number of apoptotic osteoblasts as demonstrated by in situ terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated deoxy-UTP-biotin nick end labeling staining of calvaria. A maximum of 22 ± 1% apoptotic osteoblasts on the bone surface was found with 1 mg/kg BW dexamethasone compared with 2 ± 1% in vehicle-treated mice. Injection of varying concentrations of 17ß-estradiol (0.5–5 mg/kg BW), but not 17-estradiol, with 1 mg/kg dexamethasone produced a dose-dependent decrease in the number of apoptotic osteoblasts to 5 ± 1% with 5 mg/kg 17ß-estradiol. Thus, glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis of osteoblasts may be prevented at least in part by 17ß-estradiol.

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