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Regional Expression of mRNA Encoding a Second Form of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone in the Macaque Brain

Division of Neuroscience (H.F.U., S.G.K., V.T.G., V.S.D.); Oregon Regional Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon 97006; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (H.F.U.), Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, Oregon 97201; and Program in Neuroscience (R.B.W., R.D.F.), Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305

Address all correspondence and requests for reprints to: Henryk F. Urbanski, Ph.D., Oregon Regional Primate Research Center, Division of Neuroscience, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, Oregon 97006.

In mammals, reproduction is thought to be controlled by a single neuropeptide, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH-I), which regulates the synthesis and secretion of gonadotropins from the pituitary gland. However, another form of this decapeptide (GnRH-II), of unknown function, also exists in the brain of many vertebrate species, including humans; it is encoded by a different gene and its amino acid sequence is 70% identical to that of GnRH-I. Here, we report the cloning of a GnRH-II cDNA from the rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta), and show for the first time by in situ hybridization that GnRH-II mRNA is expressed in the primate midbrain, hippocampus and discrete nuclei of the hypothalamus, including the supraoptic, paraventricular, suprachiasmatic and arcuate. Because the regional distribution pattern of cells containing GnRH-II mRNA is largely dissimilar to that of cells containing GnRH-I mRNA, it is likely that these two cell populations receive distinct neuroendocrine inputs and thus regulate GnRH synthesis and release differently.

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