This Article Full Text Full Text (PDF) Purchase Article View Shopping Cart Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Request Copyright Permission Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Held Hales, K. Articles by Hales, D. B. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Held Hales, K. Articles by Hales, D. B.

Diametric Effects of Bacterial Endotoxin Lipopolysaccharide on Adrenal and Leydig Cell Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein

Department of Physiology and Biophysics (K.H.H., T.D., S.G., B.K.S., M.R., H.B.B., D.B.H.), University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7342; and Department of Urology (T.D.), University Hospital of the Justus-Liebig-University, 35392 Giessen, Germany

Address all correspondence and requests for reprints to: Dale B. Hales, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, 835 South Wolcott Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7342. E-mail: dbhale{at}uic.edu

Immune activation results in the activation of adrenal steroidogenesis and inhibition of gonadal steroidogenesis. Previous studies indicated that these effects were caused primarily by activation and suppression of the secretion of ACTH and LH, respectively. However, other evidence indicated a direct effect of the immune system on the gonads. In this study, serum testosterone, quantitated by RIA after lipopolysaccharide injection, showed a significant decrease within 2 h. Parallel measurement of serum LH showed no change. There were no differences in LH receptor or cAMP produced in Leydig cells between vehicle- and lipopolysaccharide-injected mice. The 30-kDa form of the steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein was quantitated, by Western blot, in Leydig cells and was found to decrease in a time-dependent manner. No change in StAR protein messenger RNA (mRNA) was detected by Northern analysis during this time, nor were any changes found in the levels of mRNA for the steroidogenic enzymes P450scc, 3ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase ⁴-⁵-isomerase, or P450c17. In the adrenal, StAR protein was increased, as was StAR protein mRNA. No changes were observed in the levels of mRNA for P450scc, 3ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase ⁴-⁵-isomerase, or P450c21. Thus, although the mechanisms of regulation differ, changes in the levels of StAR protein are a sensitive indicator of the steroidogenic capacity of these two tissues.

This article has been cited by other articles:

				D. Gunnarsson, P. Leffler, E. Ekwurtzel, G. Martinsson, K. Liu, and G. Selstam Mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate stimulates basal steroidogenesis by a cAMP-independent mechanism in mouse gonadal cells of both sexes Reproduction, May 1, 2008; 135(5): 693 - 703. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. A. Andric, M. M. Janjic, N. J. Stojkov, and T. S. Kostic Protein kinase G-mediated stimulation of basal Leydig cell steroidogenesis Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, November 1, 2007; 293(5): E1399 - E1408. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S.-Y. Zhang, Y. Ito, O. Yamanoshita, Y. Yanagiba, M. Kobayashi, K. Taya, C. Li, A. Okamura, M. Miyata, J. Ueyama, et al. Permethrin May Disrupt Testosterone Biosynthesis via Mitochondrial Membrane Damage of Leydig Cells in Adult Male Mouse Endocrinology, August 1, 2007; 148(8): 3941 - 3949. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. A. Allen, T. Shankara, P. Janus, S. Buck, T. Diemer, K. Held Hales, and D. B. Hales Energized, Polarized, and Actively Respiring Mitochondria Are Required for Acute Leydig Cell Steroidogenesis Endocrinology, August 1, 2006; 147(8): 3924 - 3935. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Herman and C. Rivier Activation of a Neural Brain-Testicular Pathway Rapidly Lowers Leydig Cell Levels of the Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein and the Peripheral-Type Benzodiazepine Receptor while Increasing Levels of Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase Endocrinology, January 1, 2006; 147(1): 624 - 633. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Hedger, J. Klug, S. Frohlich, R. Muller, and A. Meinhardt Regulatory Cytokine Expression and Interstitial Fluid Formation in the Normal and Inflamed Rat Testis Are Under Leydig Cell Control J Androl, May 1, 2005; 26(3): 379 - 386. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. R. King, S. D. Ginsberg, T. Ishii, R. G. Smith, K. L. Parker, and D. J. Lamb The Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein Is Expressed in Steroidogenic Cells of the Day-Old Brain Endocrinology, October 1, 2004; 145(10): 4775 - 4780. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Z. Granot, R. Geiss-Friedlander, N. Melamed-Book, S. Eimerl, R. Timberg, A. M. Weiss, K. H. Hales, D. B. Hales, D. M. Stocco, and J. Orly Proteolysis of Normal and Mutated Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Proteins in the Mitochondria: the Fate of Unwanted Proteins Mol. Endocrinol., December 1, 2003; 17(12): 2461 - 2476. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				V. Morales, P. Santana, R. Diaz, C. Tabraue, G. Gallardo, F. L. Blanco, I. Hernandez, L. F. Fanjul, and C. M. Ruiz de Galarreta Intratesticular Delivery of Tumor Necrosis Factor-{alpha} and Ceramide Directly Abrogates Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein Expression and Leydig Cell Steroidogenesis in Adult Rats Endocrinology, November 1, 2003; 144(11): 4763 - 4772. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Diemer, J. A. Allen, K. H. Hales, and D. B. Hales Reactive Oxygen Disrupts Mitochondria in MA-10 Tumor Leydig Cells and Inhibits Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory (StAR) Protein and Steroidogenesis Endocrinology, July 1, 2003; 144(7): 2882 - 2891. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Cottom, L. M. Salvador, E. T. Maizels, S. Reierstad, Y. Park, D. W. Carr, M. A. Davare, J. W. Hell, S. S. Palmer, P. Dent, et al. Follicle-stimulating Hormone Activates Extracellular Signal-regulated Kinase but Not Extracellular Signal-regulated Kinase Kinase through a 100-kDa Phosphotyrosine Phosphatase J. Biol. Chem., February 21, 2003; 278(9): 7167 - 7179. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. R. King, P. R. Manna, T. Ishii, P. J. Syapin, S. D. Ginsberg, K. Wilson, L. P. Walsh, K. L. Parker, D. M. Stocco, R. G. Smith, et al. An Essential Component in Steroid Synthesis, the Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein, Is Expressed in Discrete Regions of the Brain J. Neurosci., December 15, 2002; 22(24): 10613 - 10620. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A.L. Johnson, E.V. Solovieva, and J.T. Bridgham Relationship Between Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein Expression and Progesterone Production in Hen Granulosa Cells During Follicle Development Biol Reprod, October 1, 2002; 67(4): 1313 - 1320. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Eimerl and J. Orly Regulation of Steroidogenic Genes by Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 and Follicle-Stimulating Hormone: Differential Responses of Cytochrome P450 Side-Chain Cleavage, Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein, and 3{beta}-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase/Isomerase in Rat Granulosa Cells Biol Reprod, September 1, 2002; 67(3): 900 - 910. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. M. Salvador, E. Maizels, D. B. Hales, E. Miyamoto, H. Yamamoto, and M. Hunzicker-Dunn Acute Signaling by the LH Receptor Is Independent of Protein Kinase C Activation Endocrinology, August 1, 2002; 143(8): 2986 - 2994. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. L. Johnson and J. T. Bridgham Regulation of Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein and Luteinizing Hormone Receptor Messenger Ribonucleic Acid in Hen Granulosa Cells Endocrinology, July 1, 2001; 142(7): 3116 - 3124. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. Mauduit, I. Goddard, V. Besset, E. Tabone, C. Rey, F. Gasnier, F. Dacheux, and M. Benahmed Leukemia Inhibitory Factor Antagonizes Gonadotropin Induced-Testosterone Synthesis in Cultured Porcine Leydig Cells: Sites of Action Endocrinology, June 1, 2001; 142(6): 2509 - 2520. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]