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Activation Has Coordinate Effects on Gene Expression in Multiple Insulin-Sensitive Tissues
Departments of Molecular Endocrinology (J.M.W., S.A.K.), Metabolic Diseases (W.W.H., K.K.B., W.K.G.), Discovery Genetics (S.S.S.), and Medicinal Chemistry (T.M.W.), Glaxo Wellcome Inc., Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; and CuraGen Corp. (T.A.M., R.K.R.), New Haven, Connecticut 06511
Address all correspondence and requests for reprints to: Dr. Steven A. Kliewer, Glaxo Wellcome Inc. Research and Development, Venture 118, 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709. E-mail: sak15922{at}glaxowellcome.com
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor 
(PPAR) agonists,
including the glitazone class of drugs, are insulin sensitizers that
reduce glucose and lipid levels in patients with type 2 diabetes
mellitus. To more fully understand the molecular mechanisms underlying
their therapeutic actions, we have characterized the effects of the
potent, tyrosine-based PPAR ligand GW1929 on serum glucose and lipid
parameters and gene expression in Zucker diabetic fatty rats. In
time-course studies, GW1929 treatment decreased circulating FFA levels
before reducing glucose and triglyceride levels. We used a
comprehensive and unbiased messenger RNA profiling technique to
identify genes regulated either directly or indirectly by PPAR in
epididymal white adipose tissue, interscapular brown adipose
tissue, liver, and soleus skeletal muscle. PPAR activation
stimulated the expression of a large number of genes involved in
lipogenesis and fatty acid metabolism in both white adipose tissue and
brown adipose tissue. In muscle, PPAR agonist treatment decreased
the expression of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4, which represses
oxidative glucose metabolism, and also decreased the expression of
genes involved in fatty acid transport and oxidation. These changes
suggest a molecular basis for PPAR-mediated increases in glucose
utilization in muscle. In liver, PPAR activation coordinately
decreased the expression of genes involved in gluconeogenesis. We
conclude from these studies that the antidiabetic actions of PPAR
agonists are probably the consequence of 1) their effects on FFA
levels, and 2), their coordinate effects on gene expression in multiple
insulin-sensitive tissues.
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M. Laplante, H. Sell, K. L. MacNaul, D. Richard, J. P. Berger, and Y. Deshaies PPAR-{gamma} Activation Mediates Adipose Depot-Specific Effects on Gene Expression and Lipoprotein Lipase Activity: Mechanisms for Modulation of Postprandial Lipemia and Differential Adipose Accretion Diabetes, February 1, 2003; 52(2): 291 - 299. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. Qi, L. Kazdova, V. Zidek, V. Landa, V. Kren, H. A. Pershadsingh, E. St. Lezin, N. A. Abumrad, M. Pravenec, and T. W. Kurtz Pharmacogenetic Evidence That Cd36 Is a Key Determinant of the Metabolic Effects of Pioglitazone J. Biol. Chem., December 6, 2002; 277(50): 48501 - 48507. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J.-M. Ye, G. Frangioudakis, M. A. Iglesias, S. M. Furler, B. Ellis, N. Dzamko, G. J. Cooney, and E. W. Kraegen Prior Thiazolidinedione Treatment Preserves Insulin Sensitivity in Normal Rats during Acute Fatty Acid Elevation: Role of the Liver Endocrinology, December 1, 2002; 143(12): 4527 - 4535. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. D. Girnun, F. E. Domann, S. A. Moore, and M. E. C. Robbins Identification of a Functional Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Response Element in the Rat Catalase Promoter Mol. Endocrinol., December 1, 2002; 16(12): 2793 - 2801. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 S. H. Lee and K. L. Hossner Coordinate regulation of ovine adipose tissue gene expression by propionate J Anim Sci, November 1, 2002; 80(11): 2840 - 2849. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 S. E. Ross, R. L. Erickson, I. Gerin, P. M. DeRose, L. Bajnok, K. A. Longo, D. E. Misek, R. Kuick, S. M. Hanash, K. B. Atkins, et al. Microarray Analyses during Adipogenesis: Understanding the Effects of Wnt Signaling on Adipogenesis and the Roles of Liver X Receptor {alpha} in Adipocyte Metabolism Mol. Cell. Biol., August 15, 2002; 22(16): 5989 - 5999. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. M. Rondinone, J. M. Trevillyan, J. Clampit, R. J. Gum, C. Berg, P. Kroeger, L. Frost, B. A. Zinker, R. Reilly, R. Ulrich, et al. Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B Reduction Regulates Adiposity and Expression of Genes Involved in Lipogenesis Diabetes, August 1, 2002; 51(8): 2405 - 2411. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. M. Stulnig, U. Oppermann, K. R. Steffensen, G. U. Schuster, and J.-A. Gustafsson Liver X Receptors Downregulate 11{beta}-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 Expression and Activity Diabetes, August 1, 2002; 51(8): 2426 - 2433. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 R. A. Coleman, T. M. Lewin, C. G. Van Horn, and M. R. Gonzalez-Baro Do Long-Chain Acyl-CoA Synthetases Regulate Fatty Acid Entry into Synthetic Versus Degradative Pathways? J. Nutr., August 1, 2002; 132(8): 2123 - 2126. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. M. Muoio, P. S. MacLean, D. B. Lang, S. Li, J. A. Houmard, J. M. Way, D. A. Winegar, J. C. Corton, G. L. Dohm, and W. E. Kraus Fatty Acid Homeostasis and Induction of Lipid Regulatory Genes in Skeletal Muscles of Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor (PPAR) alpha Knock-out Mice. EVIDENCE FOR COMPENSATORY REGULATION BY PPARdelta J. Biol. Chem., July 12, 2002; 277(29): 26089 - 26097. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Y. Tamori, J. Masugi, N. Nishino, and M. Kasuga Role of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-{gamma} in Maintenance of the Characteristics of Mature 3T3-L1 Adipocytes Diabetes, July 1, 2002; 51(7): 2045 - 2055. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. M. Willson and J. T. Moore Minireview: Genomics Versus Orphan Nuclear Receptors--A Half-Time Report Mol. Endocrinol., June 1, 2002; 16(6): 1135 - 1144. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. L. Gerhold, F. Liu, G. Jiang, Z. Li, J. Xu, M. Lu, J. R. Sachs, A. Bagchi, A. Fridman, D. J. Holder, et al. Gene Expression Profile of Adipocyte Differentiation and Its Regulation by Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-{gamma} Agonists Endocrinology, June 1, 2002; 143(6): 2106 - 2118. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 O. Barbier, I. P. Torra, Y. Duguay, C. Blanquart, J.-C. Fruchart, C. Glineur, and B. Staels Pleiotropic Actions of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors in Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, May 1, 2002; 22(5): 717 - 726. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. M. Muoio, J. M. Way, C. J. Tanner, D. A. Winegar, S. A. Kliewer, J. A. Houmard, W. E. Kraus, and G. L. Dohm Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-{alpha} Regulates Fatty Acid Utilization in Primary Human Skeletal Muscle Cells Diabetes, April 1, 2002; 51(4): 901 - 909. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Albrektsen, K. S. Frederiksen, W. E. Holmes, E. Boel, K. Taylor, and J. Fleckner Novel Genes Regulated by the Insulin Sensitizer Rosiglitazone During Adipocyte Differentiation Diabetes, April 1, 2002; 51(4): 1042 - 1051. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. Walczak and P. Tontonoz PPARadigms and PPARadoxes: expanding roles for PPAR{gamma} in the control of lipid metabolism J. Lipid Res., February 1, 2002; 43(2): 177 - 186. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Yu, W.-Q. Cao, P. Kashireddy, K. Meyer, Y. Jia, D. E. Hughes, Y. Tan, J. Feng, A. V. Yeldandi, M. S. Rao, et al. Human Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor alpha (PPARalpha ) Supports the Induction of Peroxisome Proliferation in PPARalpha -deficient Mouse Liver J. Biol. Chem., November 2, 2001; 276(45): 42485 - 42491. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. M. Way, C. Z. Gorgun, Q. Tong, K. T. Uysal, K. K. Brown, W. W. Harrington, W. R. Oliver Jr., T. M. Willson, S. A. Kliewer, and G. S. Hotamisligil Adipose Tissue Resistin Expression Is Severely Suppressed in Obesity and Stimulated by Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor gamma Agonists J. Biol. Chem., July 6, 2001; 276(28): 25651 - 25653. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. D. Rosen and B. M. Spiegelman PPARgamma : a Nuclear Regulator of Metabolism, Differentiation, and Cell Growth J. Biol. Chem., October 5, 2001; 276(41): 37731 - 37734. [Full Text] [PDF]
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