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Biomedicum Helsinki (M.-A.H., P.J.M., J.P., T.K., J.U., T.O.), Program for Developmental and Reproductive Biology and Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland; Hospital for Children and Adolescents (M.-A.H., P.J.M., T.O.), Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki 00029, Finland; and The Weizman Institute (D.H., Y.Y.), Rehovot 76100, Israel
Address all correspondence and requests for reprints to: Mari-Anne Huotari, M.D., Biomedicum Helsinki, Room C503b, P.O. Box 63 (Haartmaninkatu 8), FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland. E-mail: mari-anne.pulkkinen{at}helsinki.fi.
The neuregulin (NRG)/epidermal growth factor (EGF) family of growth factors consists of several ligands that specifically activate four erbB receptor-tyrosine kinases, namely erbB-1 (EGF-R), erbB-2 (neu), erbB-3, and erbB-4. We have previously shown that islet morphogenesis is impaired and ß-cell differentiation delayed in mice lacking functional EGF-R [EGF-R (-/-)]. The present study aims to clarify which erbB ligands are important for islet development. Pancreatic expression of EGF, TGF-
, heparin-binding EGF, betacellulin (BTC), and NRG-4 was detected as early as embryonic d 13 (E13). Effects of these ligands were studied in E12.5 pancreatic explant cultures grown for 5 d ex vivo. None of the growth factors affected the ratio of endocrine to exocrine cells. However, significant effects within the endocrine cell populations were induced by EGF, BTC, and NRG-4. ß-Cell development was augmented by BTC, whereas the development of somatostatin-expressing 
-cells was stimulated by NRG-4. Both ligands decreased the numbers of glucagon-containing -cells. The effect of BTC was abolished in the EGF-R (-/-) mice. A soluble erbB-4 binding fusion protein totally inhibited the effects of NRG-4 but not of BTC. Neutralization of endogenous NRG-4 activity in the model system effectively inhibited -cell development, indicating that this erbB4-ligand is an essential factor for delineation of the somatostatin-producing -cells. Our results suggest that ligands of the EGF-R/erbB-1 and erbB-4 receptors regulate the lineage determination of islet cells during pancreatic development. BTC, acting through EGF-R/erbB-1, is important for the differentiation of ß-cells. This could be applied in the targeted differentiation of stem cells into insulin-producing cells.
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