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NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY |
Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-0005
Address all correspondence and requests for reprints to: Jimmy D. Neill, Department of Physiology & Biophysics, 812 MCLM, 1918 University Boulevard, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-0005. E-mail: . neill{at}uab.edu
Four different GnRHs and one GnRH receptor are reported to be expressed in various mammals, whereas 13 GnRHs and numerous GnRH receptors have been identified in various nonmammalian vertebrates. The nucleotide sequencing of the human genome provided the opportunity to determine which of these peptides and receptors might be expressed in primates. Of the four GnRHs reportedly expressed in mammals, only GnRH I (mammalian GnRH) and GnRH II (chicken GnRH II) genes were identified in the human genome. Three GnRH receptor or receptor-like genes were identified: 1) the well-established GnRH I receptor gene located on chromosome 4; 2) an apparent GnRH II receptor gene located on chromosome 1, and; 3) a sterile GnRH II receptor-like homolog gene on chromosome 14. A cDNA cloned from monkey RNA that was 96% identical with the putative human GnRH receptor type II gene encoded a 379-amino acid G protein-coupled/7-transmembrane receptor having a C-terminal cytoplasmic tail. The experimentally expressed GnRH II receptor was functional with and specific for GnRH II, and, unlike the GnRH I receptor, desensitized to continuous GnRH treatment. GnRH II receptor mRNA is expressed ubiquitously in human tissues. Significant questions remain about the potential functions of the primate GnRH II receptor such as regulation of gonadotropin secretion, female sexual behavior, and tumor cell growth; also, about whether it is expressed as a full-length, functional gene transcript in humans.
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C.-S. Chou, C.-J. Tai, C. D. MacCalman, and P. C. K. Leung Dose-Dependent Effects of Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone on Matrix Metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, and MMP-9 and Tissue Specific Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases-1 Messenger Ribonucleic Acid Levels in Human Decidual Stromal Cells in Vitro J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., February 1, 2003; 88(2): 680 - 688. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. Morgan, D. Conklin, A. J. Pawson, R. Sellar, T. R. Ott, and R. P. Millar A Transcriptionally Active Human Type II Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptor Gene Homolog Overlaps Two Genes in the Antisense Orientation on Chromosome 1q.12 Endocrinology, February 1, 2003; 144(2): 423 - 436. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. Terasawa Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone II: Is this Neuropeptide Important for Mammalian Reproduction? Endocrinology, January 1, 2003; 144(1): 3 - 4. [Full Text] [PDF]
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C.-S. Chou, H. Zhu, E. Shalev, C. D. MacCalman, and P. C. K. Leung The Effects of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) I and GnRH II on the Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator/Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor System in Human Extravillous Cytotrophoblasts in Vitro J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., December 1, 2002; 87(12): 5594 - 5603. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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