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Mechanism of Adult Primitive Mesenchymal ST-13 Preadipocyte Differentiation

Department of Molecular Biology (Y.Y., S.K.) and Pharmaceutical Research and Development Center (M.S.), Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8613, Japan; and Second Department of Medical Biochemistry, Ehime University School of Medicine (M.S.), Shigenobu-cho, Onsen-gun, Ehime 791-0295, Japan

Address all correspondence and requests for reprints to: Dr. Yukiko Yajima, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 18-22, Honkomagome 3-chome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8613, Japan. E-mail: yajima{at}rinshoken.or.jp.

Convincing evidence supports the idea that adipogenesis occurs throughout the life of organisms. However, little is known about the adipogenesis program for adult adipocytes. We examine this issue using mouse adult primitive mesenchymal ST-13 preadipocytes that express the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor- (PPAR) gene while in a predifferentiated state. The gene expression of PPAR was sustained throughout differentiation when ST-13 preadipocytes were induced to become adipocytes by a PPAR ligand. However, the differentiation of pluripotent C3H10T1/2 stem cells and 3T3-L1 embryonic fibroblastic cells was associated with enhanced expression of the PPAR gene. Immunoblotting analysis revealed that C3H10T1/2 and 3T3-L1 cells expressed low levels of PPAR1 from the early stage, and the amount increased during differentiation, whereas PPAR2 appeared at the late stage. In contrast, ST-13 preadipocytes expressed an appreciable amount of PPAR1 that significantly decreased on differentiation, and a small amount of PPAR2 appeared late in the differentiation process. Furthermore, the standard hormone cocktail containing dexamethasone, methylisobutylxanthine, and insulin induced an increase in PPAR1 protein only at the early stage, and a low level of PPAR2 protein appeared late in ST-13 cells. However, levels of both PPAR1 and PPAR2 proteins were significantly induced within 2 d in 3T3-L1 cells in this hormonal adipogenesis. Moreover, exposing ST-13 preadipocytes to dexamethasone and insulin induced differentiation, but failed to induce adipogenesis in 3T3-L1. Adipogenesis in adult rat primary preadipocytes was also induced in a similar manner to that of ST-13. Our results indicate that ST-13 cells and primary preadipocytes derived from adults possess an adipogenesis program distinct from that of 3T3-L1 and C3H10T1/2 cells, and that it may represent the adipogenesis program for adult-specific adipocytes.

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