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Departments of Physiology & Biophysics (M.L.G., M.J.C., J.T.S., S.M.P., R.A.S.), Obstetrics & Gynecology (B.V.A., D.K.C., R.A.S.), and Biology (R.A.S.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-7290; and the Massachusetts General Hospital (W.F.C., S.S.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
Address all correspondence and requests for reprints to: Robert A. Steiner, Department of Physiology & Biophysics Health Sciences Building, G-424 School of Medicine University of Washington, Box 357290, 1959 Northeast Pacific Street, Seattle, Washington 98195-7290. E-mail: steiner{at}u.washington.edu.
Kisspeptins are products of the KiSS-1 gene, which bind to a G protein-coupled receptor known as GPR54. Mutations or targeted disruptions in the GPR54 gene cause hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in humans and mice, suggesting that kisspeptin signaling may be important for the regulation of gonadotropin secretion. To examine the effects of kisspeptin-54 (metastin) and kisspeptin-10 (the biologically active C-terminal decapeptide) on gonadotropin secretion in the mouse, we administered the kisspeptins directly into the lateral cerebral ventricle of the brain and demonstrated that both peptides stimulate LH secretion. Further characterization of kisspeptin-54 demonstrated that it stimulated both LH and FSH secretion, at doses as low as 1 fmol; moreover, this effect was shown to be blocked by pretreatment with acyline, a potent GnRH antagonist. To learn more about the functional anatomy of kisspeptins, we mapped the distribution of KiSS-1 mRNA in the hypothalamus. We observed that KiSS-1 mRNA is expressed in areas of the hypothalamus implicated in the neuroendocrine regulation of gonadotropin secretion, including the anteroventral periventricular nucleus, the periventricular nucleus, and the arcuate nucleus. We conclude that kisspeptin-GPR54 signaling may be part of the hypothalamic circuitry that governs the hypothalamic secretion of GnRH.
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A. K. Roseweir, A. S. Kauffman, J. T. Smith, K. A. Guerriero, K. Morgan, J. Pielecka-Fortuna, R. Pineda, M. L. Gottsch, M. Tena-Sempere, S. M. Moenter, et al. Discovery of Potent Kisspeptin Antagonists Delineate Physiological Mechanisms of Gonadotropin Regulation J. Neurosci., March 25, 2009; 29(12): 3920 - 3929. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Constantin, C. S. Caligioni, S. Stojilkovic, and S. Wray Kisspeptin-10 Facilitates a Plasma Membrane-Driven Calcium Oscillator in Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone-1 Neurons Endocrinology, March 1, 2009; 150(3): 1400 - 1412. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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F. Gaytan, M. Gaytan, J. M. Castellano, M. Romero, J. Roa, B. Aparicio, N. Garrido, J. E. Sanchez-Criado, R. P. Millar, A. Pellicer, et al. KiSS-1 in the mammalian ovary: distribution of kisspeptin in human and marmoset and alterations in KiSS-1 mRNA levels in a rat model of ovulatory dysfunction Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, March 1, 2009; 296(3): E520 - E531. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Kitahashi, S. Ogawa, and I. S. Parhar Cloning and Expression of kiss2 in the Zebrafish and Medaka Endocrinology, February 1, 2009; 150(2): 821 - 831. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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I. J. Clarke, I. P. Sari, Y. Qi, J. T. Smith, H. C. Parkington, T. Ubuka, J. Iqbal, Q. Li, A. Tilbrook, K. Morgan, et al. Potent Action of RFamide-Related Peptide-3 on Pituitary Gonadotropes Indicative of a Hypophysiotropic Role in the Negative Regulation of Gonadotropin Secretion Endocrinology, November 1, 2008; 149(11): 5811 - 5821. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. T. Smith, L. M. Coolen, L. J. Kriegsfeld, I. P. Sari, M. R. Jaafarzadehshirazi, M. Maltby, K. Bateman, R. L. Goodman, A. J. Tilbrook, T. Ubuka, et al. Variation in Kisspeptin and RFamide-Related Peptide (RFRP) Expression and Terminal Connections to Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Neurons in the Brain: A Novel Medium for Seasonal Breeding in the Sheep Endocrinology, November 1, 2008; 149(11): 5770 - 5782. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 J. Biran, S. Ben-Dor, and B. Levavi-Sivan Molecular Identification and Functional Characterization of the Kisspeptin/Kisspeptin Receptor System in Lower Vertebrates Biol Reprod, October 1, 2008; 79(4): 776 - 786. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 T. J Greives, L. J Kriegsfeld, G. E Bentley, K. Tsutsui, and G. E Demas Recent advances in reproductive neuroendocrinology: a role for RFamide peptides in seasonal reproduction? Proc R Soc B, September 7, 2008; 275(1646): 1943 - 1951. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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X. Liu, K. Lee, and A. E. Herbison Kisspeptin Excites Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Neurons through a Phospholipase C/Calcium-Dependent Pathway Regulating Multiple Ion Channels Endocrinology, September 1, 2008; 149(9): 4605 - 4614. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Ramaswamy, K. A. Guerriero, R. B. Gibbs, and T. M. Plant Structural Interactions between Kisspeptin and GnRH Neurons in the Mediobasal Hypothalamus of the Male Rhesus Monkey (Macaca mulatta) as Revealed by Double Immunofluorescence and Confocal Microscopy Endocrinology, September 1, 2008; 149(9): 4387 - 4395. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 E. Gianetti and S. Seminara Kisspeptin and KISS1R: a critical pathway in the reproductive system Reproduction, September 1, 2008; 136(3): 295 - 301. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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I. Dumalska, M. Wu, E. Morozova, R. Liu, A. van den Pol, and M. Alreja Excitatory Effects of the Puberty-Initiating Peptide Kisspeptin and Group I Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Agonists Differentiate Two Distinct Subpopulations of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Neurons J. Neurosci., August 6, 2008; 28(32): 8003 - 8013. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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X. d'Anglemont de Tassigny, L. A. Fagg, M. B. L. Carlton, and W. H. Colledge Kisspeptin Can Stimulate Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Release by a Direct Action at GnRH Nerve Terminals Endocrinology, August 1, 2008; 149(8): 3926 - 3932. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. L. Keen, F. H. Wegner, S. R. Bloom, M. A. Ghatei, and E. Terasawa An Increase in Kisspeptin-54 Release Occurs with the Pubertal Increase in Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone-1 Release in the Stalk-Median Eminence of Female Rhesus Monkeys in Vivo Endocrinology, August 1, 2008; 149(8): 4151 - 4157. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. A Lents, N. L Heidorn, C R. Barb, and J J. Ford Central and peripheral administration of kisspeptin activates gonadotropin but not somatotropin secretion in prepubertal gilts Reproduction, June 1, 2008; 135(6): 879 - 887. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Roa, E. Vigo, D. Garcia-Galiano, J. M. Castellano, V. M. Navarro, R. Pineda, C. Dieguez, E. Aguilar, L. Pinilla, and M. Tena-Sempere Desensitization of gonadotropin responses to kisspeptin in the female rat: analyses of LH and FSH secretion at different developmental and metabolic states Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, June 1, 2008; 294(6): E1088 - E1096. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. Gonzalez-Martinez, C. De Mees, Q. Douhard, C. Szpirer, and J. Bakker Absence of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone 1 and Kiss1 Activation in {alpha}-Fetoprotein Knockout Mice: Prenatal Estrogens Defeminize the Potential to Show Preovulatory Luteinizing Hormone Surges Endocrinology, May 1, 2008; 149(5): 2333 - 2340. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Kanda, Y. Akazome, T. Matsunaga, N. Yamamoto, S. Yamada, H. Tsukamura, K.-i. Maeda, and Y. Oka Identification of KiSS-1 Product Kisspeptin and Steroid-Sensitive Sexually Dimorphic Kisspeptin Neurons in Medaka (Oryzias latipes) Endocrinology, May 1, 2008; 149(5): 2467 - 2476. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. W. Hill, J. K. Elmquist, and C. F. Elias Hypothalamic pathways linking energy balance and reproduction Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, May 1, 2008; 294(5): E827 - E832. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Zhang, T. A. Roepke, M. J. Kelly, and O. K. Ronnekleiv Kisspeptin Depolarizes Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Neurons through Activation of TRPC-Like Cationic Channels J. Neurosci., April 23, 2008; 28(17): 4423 - 4434. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Pielecka-Fortuna, Z. Chu, and S. M. Moenter Kisspeptin Acts Directly and Indirectly to Increase Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Neuron Activity and Its Effects Are Modulated by Estradiol Endocrinology, April 1, 2008; 149(4): 1979 - 1986. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. T. Smith, A. Rao, A. Pereira, A. Caraty, R. P. Millar, and I. J. Clarke Kisspeptin Is Present in Ovine Hypophysial Portal Blood But Does Not Increase during the Preovulatory Luteinizing Hormone Surge: Evidence that Gonadotropes Are Not Direct Targets of Kisspeptin in Vivo Endocrinology, April 1, 2008; 149(4): 1951 - 1959. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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F. G. Revel, M. Saboureau, P. Pevet, V. Simonneaux, and J. D. Mikkelsen RFamide-Related Peptide Gene Is a Melatonin-Driven Photoperiodic Gene Endocrinology, March 1, 2008; 149(3): 902 - 912. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. S. Kinsey-Jones, X. F. Li, S. M. Luckman, and K. T. O'Byrne Effects of Kisspeptin-10 on the Electrophysiological Manifestation of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Pulse Generator Activity in the Female Rat Endocrinology, March 1, 2008; 149(3): 1004 - 1008. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. T. Phillips and R. D. Palmiter Role of Agouti-Related Protein-Expressing Neurons in Lactation Endocrinology, February 1, 2008; 149(2): 544 - 550. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. L. Goodman, M. N. Lehman, J. T. Smith, L. M. Coolen, C. V. R. de Oliveira, M. R. Jafarzadehshirazi, A. Pereira, J. Iqbal, A. Caraty, P. Ciofi, et al. Kisspeptin Neurons in the Arcuate Nucleus of the Ewe Express Both Dynorphin A and Neurokinin B Endocrinology, December 1, 2007; 148(12): 5752 - 5760. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Caraty, J. T. Smith, D. Lomet, S. Ben Said, A. Morrissey, J. Cognie, B. Doughton, G. Baril, C. Briant, and I. J. Clarke Kisspeptin Synchronizes Preovulatory Surges in Cyclical Ewes and Causes Ovulation in Seasonally Acyclic Ewes Endocrinology, November 1, 2007; 148(11): 5258 - 5267. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. M. Dungan, M. L. Gottsch, H. Zeng, A. Gragerov, J. E. Bergmann, D. K. Vassilatis, D. K. Clifton, and R. A. Steiner The Role of Kisspeptin GPR54 Signaling in the Tonic Regulation and Surge Release of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone/Luteinizing Hormone J. Neurosci., October 31, 2007; 27(44): 12088 - 12095. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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W. S. Dhillo, O. B. Chaudhri, E. L. Thompson, K. G. Murphy, M. Patterson, R. Ramachandran, G. K. Nijher, V. Amber, A. Kokkinos, M. Donaldson, et al. Kisspeptin-54 Stimulates Gonadotropin Release Most Potently during the Preovulatory Phase of the Menstrual Cycle in Women J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., October 1, 2007; 92(10): 3958 - 3966. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. Li, D. Mitchell, J. Luo, Z. Yi, S.-G. Cho, J. Guo, X. Li, G. Ning, X. Wu, and M. Liu Estrogen Regulates KiSS1 Gene Expression through Estrogen Receptor {alpha} and SP Protein Complexes Endocrinology, October 1, 2007; 148(10): 4821 - 4828. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. J Todd, G. S Fraley, A. C Peck, G. J Schwartz, and A. M Etgen Central Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 Receptors Play Distinct Roles in the Control of Reproduction, Food Intake, and Body Weight in Female Rats Biol Reprod, September 1, 2007; 77(3): 492 - 503. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. S. Kauffman, J. H. Park, A. A. McPhie-Lalmansingh, M. L. Gottsch, C. Bodo, J. G. Hohmann, M. N. Pavlova, A. D. Rohde, D. K. Clifton, R. A. Steiner, et al. The Kisspeptin Receptor GPR54 Is Required for Sexual Differentiation of the Brain and Behavior J. Neurosci., August 15, 2007; 27(33): 8826 - 8835. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 X. d'Anglemont de Tassigny, L. A. Fagg, J. P. C. Dixon, K. Day, H. G. Leitch, A. G. Hendrick, D. Zahn, I. Franceschini, A. Caraty, M. B. L. Carlton, et al. Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in mice lacking a functional Kiss1 gene PNAS, June 19, 2007; 104(25): 10714 - 10719. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Yamada, Y. Uenoyama, M. Kinoshita, K. Iwata, K. Takase, H. Matsui, S. Adachi, K. Inoue, K.-I. Maeda, and H. Tsukamura Inhibition of Metastin (Kisspeptin-54)-GPR54 Signaling in the Arcuate Nucleus-Median Eminence Region during Lactation in Rats Endocrinology, May 1, 2007; 148(5): 2226 - 2232. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. S. Kauffman, M. L. Gottsch, J. Roa, A. C. Byquist, A. Crown, D. K. Clifton, G. E. Hoffman, R. A. Steiner, and M. Tena-Sempere Sexual Differentiation of Kiss1 Gene Expression in the Brain of the Rat Endocrinology, April 1, 2007; 148(4): 1774 - 1783. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Y. Tenenbaum-Rakover, M. Commenges-Ducos, A. Iovane, C. Aumas, O. Admoni, and N. de Roux Neuroendocrine Phenotype Analysis in Five Patients with Isolated Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism due to a L102P Inactivating Mutation of GPR54 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., March 1, 2007; 92(3): 1137 - 1144. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. J. Greives, A. O. Mason, M.-A. L. Scotti, J. Levine, E. D. Ketterson, L. J. Kriegsfeld, and G. E. Demas Environmental Control of Kisspeptin: Implications for Seasonal Reproduction Endocrinology, March 1, 2007; 148(3): 1158 - 1166. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. T. Smith, C. M. Clay, A. Caraty, and I. J. Clarke KiSS-1 Messenger Ribonucleic Acid Expression in the Hypothalamus of the Ewe Is Regulated by Sex Steroids and Season Endocrinology, March 1, 2007; 148(3): 1150 - 1157. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 B. Lee, J. K. Hiney, M. D. Pine, V. K. Srivastava, and W. L. Dees Manganese stimulates luteinizing hormone releasing hormone secretion in prepubertal female rats: hypothalamic site and mechanism of action J. Physiol., February 1, 2007; 578(3): 765 - 772. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. J. Mead, J. J. Maguire, R. E. Kuc, and A. P. Davenport Kisspeptins Are Novel Potent Vasoconstrictors in Humans, with a Discrete Localization of Their Receptor, G Protein-Coupled Receptor 54, to Atherosclerosis-Prone Vessels Endocrinology, January 1, 2007; 148(1): 140 - 147. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Mastronardi, G. G. Smiley, J. Raber, T. Kusakabe, A. Kawaguchi, V. Matagne, A. Dietzel, S. Heger, A. E. Mungenast, R. Cabrera, et al. Deletion of the Ttf1 Gene in Differentiated Neurons Disrupts Female Reproduction without Impairing Basal Ganglia Function J. Neurosci., December 20, 2006; 26(51): 13167 - 13179. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Clarkson and A. E. Herbison Postnatal Development of Kisspeptin Neurons in Mouse Hypothalamus; Sexual Dimorphism and Projections to Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Neurons Endocrinology, December 1, 2006; 147(12): 5817 - 5825. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 F. Cerrato, J. Shagoury, M. Kralickova, A. Dwyer, J. Falardeau, M. Ozata, G. Van Vliet, P. Bouloux, J. E Hall, F. J Hayes, et al. Coding sequence analysis of GNRHR and GPR54 in patients with congenital and adult-onset forms of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism Eur. J. Endocrinol., November 1, 2006; 155(suppl_1): S3 - S10. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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W. S. Dhillo, P. Savage, K. G. Murphy, O. B. Chaudhri, M. Patterson, G. M. Nijher, V. M. Foggo, G. S. Dancey, H. Mitchell, M. J. Seckl, et al. Plasma kisspeptin is raised in patients with gestational trophoblastic neoplasia and falls during treatment Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, November 1, 2006; 291(5): E878 - E884. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. L. Thompson, K. G. Murphy, M. Patterson, G. A. Bewick, G. W. H. Stamp, A. E. Curtis, J. H. Cooke, P. H. Jethwa, J. F. Todd, M. A. Ghatei, et al. Chronic subcutaneous administration of kisspeptin-54 causes testicular degeneration in adult male rats Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, November 1, 2006; 291(5): E1074 - E1082. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 J. M. Castellano, V. M. Navarro, R. Fernandez-Fernandez, J. Roa, E. Vigo, R. Pineda, C. Dieguez, E. Aguilar, L. Pinilla, and M. Tena-Sempere Expression of Hypothalamic KiSS-1 System and Rescue of Defective Gonadotropic Responses by Kisspeptin in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Male Rats Diabetes, September 1, 2006; 55(9): 2602 - 2610. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Tena-Sempere GPR54 and kisspeptin in reproduction Hum. Reprod. Update, September 1, 2006; 12(5): 631 - 639. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. T. Smith, S. M. Popa, D. K. Clifton, G. E. Hoffman, and R. A. Steiner Kiss1 neurons in the forebrain as central processors for generating the preovulatory luteinizing hormone surge. J. Neurosci., June 21, 2006; 26(25): 6687 - 6694. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Tovar, M. J. Vazquez, V. M. Navarro, R. Fernandez-Fernandez, J. M. Castellano, E. Vigo, J. Roa, F. F. Casanueva, E. Aguilar, L. Pinilla, et al. Effects of Single or Repeated Intravenous Administration of Kisspeptin upon Dynamic LH Secretion in Conscious Male Rats Endocrinology, June 1, 2006; 147(6): 2696 - 2704. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Roa, E. Vigo, J. M. Castellano, V. M. Navarro, R. Fernandez-Fernandez, F. F. Casanueva, C. Dieguez, E. Aguilar, L. Pinilla, and M. Tena-Sempere Hypothalamic Expression of KiSS-1 System and Gonadotropin-Releasing Effects of Kisspeptin in Different Reproductive States of the Female Rat Endocrinology, June 1, 2006; 147(6): 2864 - 2878. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. B. Seminara, M. J. DiPietro, S. Ramaswamy, W. F. Crowley Jr., and T. M. Plant Continuous Human Metastin 45-54 Infusion Desensitizes G Protein-Coupled Receptor 54-Induced Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Release Monitored Indirectly in the Juvenile Male Rhesus Monkey (Macaca mulatta): A Finding with Therapeutic Implications Endocrinology, May 1, 2006; 147(5): 2122 - 2126. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. T Smith, D. K Clifton, and R. A Steiner Regulation of the neuroendocrine reproductive axis by kisspeptin-GPR54 signaling. Reproduction, April 1, 2006; 131(4): 623 - 630. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. D. Veldhuis, J. N. Roemmich, E. J. Richmond, and C. Y. Bowers Somatotropic and Gonadotropic Axes Linkages in Infancy, Childhood, and the Puberty-Adult Transition Endocr. Rev., April 1, 2006; 27(2): 101 - 140. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. R. Ojeda, A. Lomniczi, C. Mastronardi, S. Heger, C. Roth, A.-S. Parent, V. Matagne, and A. E. Mungenast Minireview: The Neuroendocrine Regulation of Puberty: Is the Time Ripe for a Systems Biology Approach? Endocrinology, March 1, 2006; 147(3): 1166 - 1174. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. M. Dungan, D. K Clifton, and R. A. Steiner Minireview: Kisspeptin Neurons as Central Processors in the Regulation of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Secretion Endocrinology, March 1, 2006; 147(3): 1154 - 1158. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Pompolo, A. Pereira, K. M. Estrada, and I. J. Clarke Colocalization of Kisspeptin and Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone in the Ovine Brain Endocrinology, February 1, 2006; 147(2): 804 - 810. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. M. Plant, S. Ramaswamy, and M. J. DiPietro Repetitive Activation of Hypothalamic G Protein-Coupled Receptor 54 with Intravenous Pulses of Kisspeptin in the Juvenile Monkey (Macaca mulatta) Elicits a Sustained Train of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Discharges Endocrinology, February 1, 2006; 147(2): 1007 - 1013. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S.-K. Han, M. L. Gottsch, K. J. Lee, S. M. Popa, J. T. Smith, S. K. Jakawich, D. K. Clifton, R. A. Steiner, and A. E. Herbison Activation of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Neurons by Kisspeptin as a Neuroendocrine Switch for the Onset of Puberty J. Neurosci., December 7, 2005; 25(49): 11349 - 11356. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. B. Seminara We All Remember Our First Kiss: Kisspeptin and the Male Gonadal Axis J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., December 1, 2005; 90(12): 6738 - 6740. [Full Text] [PDF]
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W. S. Dhillo, O. B. Chaudhri, M. Patterson, E. L. Thompson, K. G. Murphy, M. K. Badman, B. M. McGowan, V. Amber, S. Patel, M. A. Ghatei, et al. Kisspeptin-54 Stimulates the Hypothalamic-Pituitary Gonadal Axis in Human Males J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., December 1, 2005; 90(12): 6609 - 6615. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 A. C. Arai, Y.-F. Xia, E. Suzuki, M. Kessler, O. Civelli, and H.-P. Nothacker Cancer Metastasis-Suppressing Peptide Metastin Upregulates Excitatory Synaptic Transmission in Hippocampal Dentate Granule Cells J Neurophysiol, November 1, 2005; 94(5): 3648 - 3652. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 N. Wettschureck and S. Offermanns Mammalian G Proteins and Their Cell Type Specific Functions Physiol Rev, October 1, 2005; 85(4): 1159 - 1204. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Kinoshita, H. Tsukamura, S. Adachi, H. Matsui, Y. Uenoyama, K. Iwata, S. Yamada, K. Inoue, T. Ohtaki, H. Matsumoto, et al. Involvement of Central Metastin in the Regulation of Preovulatory Luteinizing Hormone Surge and Estrous Cyclicity in Female Rats Endocrinology, October 1, 2005; 146(10): 4431 - 4436. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Tena-Sempere Hypothalamic KiSS-1: The Missing Link in Gonadotropin Feedback Control? Endocrinology, September 1, 2005; 146(9): 3683 - 3685. [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. T. Smith, M. J. Cunningham, E. F. Rissman, D. K Clifton, and R. A. Steiner Regulation of Kiss1 Gene Expression in the Brain of the Female Mouse Endocrinology, September 1, 2005; 146(9): 3686 - 3692. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. M. Castellano, V. M. Navarro, R. Fernandez-Fernandez, R. Nogueiras, S. Tovar, J. Roa, M. J. Vazquez, E. Vigo, F. F. Casanueva, E. Aguilar, et al. Changes in Hypothalamic KiSS-1 System and Restoration of Pubertal Activation of the Reproductive Axis by Kisspeptin in Undernutrition Endocrinology, September 1, 2005; 146(9): 3917 - 3925. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. T. Smith, H. M. Dungan, E. A. Stoll, M. L. Gottsch, R. E. Braun, S. M. Eacker, D. K Clifton, and R. A. Steiner Differential Regulation of KiSS-1 mRNA Expression by Sex Steroids in the Brain of the Male Mouse Endocrinology, July 1, 2005; 146(7): 2976 - 2984. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. B. Seminara and U. B. Kaiser New Gatekeepers of Reproduction: GPR54 and Its Cognate Ligand, KiSS-1 Endocrinology, April 1, 2005; 146(4): 1686 - 1688. [Full Text] [PDF]
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V. M. Navarro, J. M. Castellano, R. Fernandez-Fernandez, S. Tovar, J. Roa, A. Mayen, M. L. Barreiro, F. F. Casanueva, E. Aguilar, C. Dieguez, et al. Effects of KiSS-1 Peptide, the Natural Ligand of GPR54, on Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Secretion in the Rat Endocrinology, April 1, 2005; 146(4): 1689 - 1697. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. K. Semple, J. C. Achermann, J. Ellery, I. S. Farooqi, F. E. Karet, R. G. Stanhope, S. O'Rahilly, and S. A. Aparicio Two Novel Missense Mutations in G Protein-Coupled Receptor 54 in a Patient with Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., March 1, 2005; 90(3): 1849 - 1855. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Shahab, C. Mastronardi, S. B. Seminara, W. F. Crowley, S. R. Ojeda, and T. M. Plant Increased hypothalamic GPR54 signaling: A potential mechanism for initiation of puberty in primates PNAS, February 8, 2005; 102(6): 2129 - 2134. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Messager, E. E. Chatzidaki, D. Ma, A. G. Hendrick, D. Zahn, J. Dixon, R. R. Thresher, I. Malinge, D. Lomet, M. B. L. Carlton, et al. Kisspeptin directly stimulates gonadotropin-releasing hormone release via G protein-coupled receptor 54 PNAS, February 1, 2005; 102(5): 1761 - 1766. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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V. M. Navarro, J. M. Castellano, R. Fernandez-Fernandez, S. Tovar, J. Roa, A. Mayen, R. Nogueiras, M. J. Vazquez, M. L. Barreiro, P. Magni, et al. Characterization of the Potent Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Activity of KiSS-1 Peptide, the Natural Ligand of GPR54 Endocrinology, January 1, 2005; 146(1): 156 - 163. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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V. M Navarro, R Fernandez-Fernandez, J. M Castellano, J Roa, A Mayen, M. L Barreiro, F Gaytan, E Aguilar, L Pinilla, C Dieguez, et al. Advanced vaginal opening and precocious activation of the reproductive axis by KiSS-1 peptide, the endogenous ligand of GPR54 J. Physiol., December 1, 2004; 561(2): 379 - 386. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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