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Marine Science Institute (P.T., Y.P., J.D.), University of Texas at Austin, Port Aransas, Texas 78373; and Department of Medicine (E.J.F.), Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, Rhode Island 02903
Address all correspondence and requests for reprints to: Peter Thomas, University of Texas Marine Science Institute, 750 Channel View Drive, Port Aransas, Texas 78373. E-mail: thomas{at}utmsi.utexas.edu.
Although nonclassical estrogen actions initiated at the cell surface have been described in many tissues, the identities of the membrane estrogen receptors (mERs) mediating these actions remain unclear. Here we show that GPR30, an orphan receptor unrelated to nuclear estrogen receptors, has all the binding and signaling characteristics of a mER. A high-affinity (dissociation constant 2.7 nM), limited capacity, displaceable, single binding site specific for estrogens was detected in plasma membranes of SKBR3 breast cancer cells that express GPR30 but lack nuclear estrogen receptors. Progesterone-induced increases and small interfering RNA-induced decreases in GPR30 expression in SKBR3 cells were accompanied by parallel changes in specific estradiol-17ß (E2) binding. Plasma membranes of human embryonic kidney 293 cells transfected with GPR30, but not those of untransfected cells, and human placental tissues that express GPR30 also displayed high-affinity, specific estrogen binding typical of mERs. E2 treatment of transfected cell membranes caused activation of a stimulatory G protein that is directly coupled to the receptor, indicating GPR30 is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), and also increased adenylyl cyclase activity. The finding that the antiestrogens tamoxifen and ICI 182,780, and an environmental estrogen, ortho,para-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (o,p'-DDE), have high binding affinities to the receptor and mimic the actions of E2 has important implications for both the development and treatment of estrogen-dependent breast cancer. GPR30 is structurally unrelated to the recently discovered family of GPCR-like membrane progestin receptors. The identification of a second distinct class of GPCR-like steroid membrane receptors suggests a widespread role for GPCRs in nonclassical steroid hormone actions.
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P. Thomas, Y. Pang, J. Dong, P. Groenen, J. Kelder, J. de Vlieg, Y. Zhu, and C. Tubbs Steroid and G Protein Binding Characteristics of the Seatrout and Human Progestin Membrane Receptor {alpha} Subtypes and Their Evolutionary Origins Endocrinology, February 1, 2007; 148(2): 705 - 718. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. G. Tasker, S. Di, and R. Malcher-Lopes Rapid Glucocorticoid Signaling via Membrane-Associated Receptors Endocrinology, December 1, 2006; 147(12): 5549 - 5556. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Simoncini, C. Scorticati, P. Mannella, A. Fadiel, M. S. Giretti, X.-D. Fu, C. Baldacci, S. Garibaldi, A. Caruso, L. Fornari, et al. Estrogen Receptor {alpha} Interacts with G{alpha}13 to Drive Actin Remodeling and Endothelial Cell Migration via the RhoA/Rho Kinase/Moesin Pathway Mol. Endocrinol., August 1, 2006; 20(8): 1756 - 1771. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Keay, J. T. Bridgham, and J. W. Thornton The Octopus vulgaris Estrogen Receptor Is a Constitutive Transcriptional Activator: Evolutionary and Functional Implications Endocrinology, August 1, 2006; 147(8): 3861 - 3869. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. Karteris, S. Zervou, Y. Pang, J. Dong, E. W. Hillhouse, H. S. Randeva, and P. Thomas Progesterone Signaling in Human Myometrium through Two Novel Membrane G Protein-Coupled Receptors: Potential Role in Functional Progesterone Withdrawal at Term Mol. Endocrinol., July 1, 2006; 20(7): 1519 - 1534. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. X.-D. Song and R. J. Santen Membrane Initiated Estrogen Signaling in Breast Cancer Biol Reprod, July 1, 2006; 75(1): 9 - 16. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. R. Meyer, E. Haas, and M. Barton Gender Differences of Cardiovascular Disease: New Perspectives for Estrogen Receptor Signaling Hypertension, June 1, 2006; 47(6): 1019 - 1026. [Full Text] [PDF]
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 J. Qiu, M. A. Bosch, S. C. Tobias, A. Krust, S. M. Graham, S. J. Murphy, K. S. Korach, P. Chambon, T. S. Scanlan, O. K. Ronnekleiv, et al. A G-Protein-Coupled Estrogen Receptor Is Involved in Hypothalamic Control of Energy Homeostasis J. Neurosci., May 24, 2006; 26(21): 5649 - 5655. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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W. Yan, P. L Ryan, F. F Bartol, and C. A Bagnell Uterotrophic effects of relaxin related to age and estrogen receptor activation in neonatal pigs. Reproduction, May 1, 2006; 131(5): 943 - 950. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 O. Sukocheva, C. Wadham, A. Holmes, N. Albanese, E. Verrier, F. Feng, A. Bernal, C. K. Derian, A. Ullrich, M. A. Vadas, et al. Estrogen transactivates EGFR via the sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor Edg-3: the role of sphingosine kinase-1 J. Cell Biol., April 24, 2006; 173(2): 301 - 310. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. J. Han, J. S. Heo, and Y. J. Lee Estradiol-17beta stimulates proliferation of mouse embryonic stem cells: involvement of MAPKs and CDKs as well as protooncogenes Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, April 1, 2006; 290(4): C1067 - C1075. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Vivacqua, D. Bonofiglio, A. G. Recchia, A. M. Musti, D. Picard, S. Ando, and M. Maggiolini The G Protein-Coupled Receptor GPR30 Mediates the Proliferative Effects Induced by 17{beta}-Estradiol and Hydroxytamoxifen in Endometrial Cancer Cells Mol. Endocrinol., March 1, 2006; 20(3): 631 - 646. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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W. R. Harrington, S. H. Kim, C. C. Funk, Z. Madak-Erdogan, R. Schiff, J. A. Katzenellenbogen, and B. S. Katzenellenbogen Estrogen Dendrimer Conjugates that Preferentially Activate Extranuclear, Nongenomic Versus Genomic Pathways of Estrogen Action Mol. Endocrinol., March 1, 2006; 20(3): 491 - 502. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Y. Wu, W. G Foster, and E. V Younglai Rapid effects of pesticides on human granulosa-lutein cells Reproduction, February 1, 2006; 131(2): 299 - 310. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. M. Khan, M. Hadman, C. Wakade, L. M. De Sevilla, K. M. Dhandapani, V. B. Mahesh, R. K. Vadlamudi, and D. W. Brann Cloning, Expression, and Localization of MNAR/PELP1 in Rodent Brain: Colocalization in Estrogen Receptor-{alpha}- But Not in Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone-Positive Neurons Endocrinology, December 1, 2005; 146(12): 5215 - 5227. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. N. Chernova, D. H. Vandorpe, J. S. Clark, J. I. Williams, M. A. Zasloff, L. Jiang, and S. L. Alper Apparent receptor-mediated activation of Ca2+-dependent conductive Cl- transport by shark-derived polyaminosterols Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, December 1, 2005; 289(6): R1644 - R1658. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. J. Fuller and M. J. Young Mechanisms of Mineralocorticoid Action Hypertension, December 1, 2005; 46(6): 1227 - 1235. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 T. M. D'Eon, S. C. Souza, M. Aronovitz, M. S. Obin, S. K. Fried, and A. S. Greenberg Estrogen Regulation of Adiposity and Fuel Partitioning: EVIDENCE OF GENOMIC AND NON-GENOMIC REGULATION OF LIPOGENIC AND OXIDATIVE PATHWAYS J. Biol. Chem., October 28, 2005; 280(43): 35983 - 35991. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 E.V. Younglai, Y.J. Wu, T.K. Kwan, and C.-Y. Kwan Non-genomic action of estradiol and progesterone on cytosolic calcium concentrations in primary cultures of human granulosa-lutein cells Hum. Reprod., September 1, 2005; 20(9): 2383 - 2390. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 J. G. Tasker, S. Di, and R. Malcher-Lopes Rapid Central Corticosteroid Effects: Evidence for Membrane Glucocorticoid Receptors in the Brain Integr. Comp. Biol., August 1, 2005; 45(4): 665 - 671. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. R. Levin Integration of the Extranuclear and Nuclear Actions of Estrogen Mol. Endocrinol., August 1, 2005; 19(8): 1951 - 1959. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Wehling Rapid Effects of Aldosterone: Relevant in Cardiac Ischemia? Hypertension, July 1, 2005; 46(1): 27 - 28. [Full Text] [PDF]
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 A. Hasbi, B. F. O'Dowd, and S. R. George A G Protein-Coupled Receptor For Estrogen: The End Of The Search? Mol. Interv., June 1, 2005; 5(3): 158 - 161. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. R. Magness, T. M. Phernetton, T. C. Gibson, and D.-b. Chen Uterine blood flow responses to ICI 182 780 in ovariectomized oestradiol-17{beta}-treated, intact follicular and pregnant sheep J. Physiol., May 15, 2005; 565(1): 71 - 83. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 C. M. Revankar, D. F. Cimino, L. A. Sklar, J. B. Arterburn, and E. R. Prossnitz A Transmembrane Intracellular Estrogen Receptor Mediates Rapid Cell Signaling Science, March 11, 2005; 307(5715): 1625 - 1630. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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