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Thyroid Hormone Homeostasis and Action in the Type 2 Deiodinase-Deficient Rodent Brain during Development

Departments of Physiology (V.A.G., E.T.W., E.A.S.G., C.-A.W., G.A., G.M.S.G., D.L.S.G.) and Medicine (D.L.S.G.), Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756; and Department of Psychology and Brain Sciences (A.S.C.), Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755

Address all correspondence and requests for reprints to: Valerie Anne Galton, Department of Physiology, Dartmouth Medical School, 1 Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756. E-mail: Val.galton{at}dartmouth.edu.

Considerable indirect evidence suggests that the type 2 deiodinase (D2) generates T₃ from T₄ for local use in specific tissues such as pituitary, brown fat, and brain, and studies with a D2-deficent mouse, the D2 knockout (D2KO) mouse, have shown this to be the case in pituitary and brown fat. The present study employs the D2KO mouse to determine the role of D2 in the developing brain. As expected, the T₃ content in the neonatal D2KO brain was markedly reduced to a level comparable with that seen in the hypothyroid neonatal wild-type mouse. However, the mRNA levels of several T₃-responsive genes were either unaffected or much less affected in the brain of the D2KO mouse than in that of the hypothyroid mouse, and compared with the hypothyroid mouse, the D2KO mouse exhibited a very mild neurological phenotype. The current view of thyroid hormone homeostasis in the brain dictates that the T₃ present in neurons is generated mostly, if not exclusively, from T₄ by the D2 in glial cells. This view is inadequate to explain the findings presented herein, and it is suggested that important compensatory mechanisms must be in play in the brain to minimize functional abnormalities in the absence of the D2.

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