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Ligands Differentially Modify the Nuclear Mobility of Estrogen Receptors and β

Department of Biosciences and Nutrition at Novum (A.E.D., G.S., J.-Å.G.), Karolinska Institutet, 14157 Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; and Foundation for Biomedical Research (G.S.), Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece

Address all correspondence and requests for reprints to: Giannis Spyrou, Foundation for Biomedical Research, Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece. E-mail: giannisspyrou{at}bioacademy.gr.

Signaling of nuclear receptors depends on the structure of their ligands, with different ligands eliciting different responses. In this study using a comparative analysis, an array of ligands was examined for effects on estrogen receptor (ER) and ERβ mobility. Our results indicated that these two receptors share similarities in response to some ligands but differ significantly in response to others. Our results suggest that for ER, ligands can be classified into three distinct groups: 1) ligands that do not affect the mobility of the receptor, 2) ligands that cause a moderate effect, and 3) ligands that strongly impact mobility of ER. Interestingly, we found that for ERβ such a classification was not possible because ERβ ligands caused a wider spectrum of responses. One of the main differences between the two receptors was the response toward the antiestrogens ICI and raloxifene, which was not attributable to differential subnuclear localization or different conformations of helix 12 in the C-terminal domain. We showed that both of these ligands caused a robust phenotype, leading to an almost total immobilization of ER, whereas ERβ retained its mobility; we provide evidence that the mobility of the two receptors depends upon the function of the proteasome machinery. This novel finding that ERβ retains its mobility in the presence of antiestrogens could be important for its ability to regulate genes that do not contain classic estrogen response element sites and do not require DNA binding and could be used in the investigation of ligands that show ER subtype specificity.