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Department of Physiology, Division of Basic Health Sciences, Emory Universit y, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
Abstract
The hormonal factors associated with converting a corpus luteum of estrous cycle into a corpus luteum of pseudopregnancy were studied by measuring LH, FSH, prolactin, estradiol and progesterone levels in decapitated rats during the 4-day estrous cycle and a comparable time of pseudopregnancy (lights on 0600–0800 hr). During the estrous cycle, prolactin, LH and FSH remained low and unchanging except on the afternoon of proestrus,when typical proestrous surges were observed. In contrast, estradiol levels began to increase on D-l, from baseline values of 7 pg/ml to approximately 15–20 pg/ml. These levels were maintained until the afternoon of D-2, when estradiol further increased to reach peak levels of 40–50 pg/ml by 0900 hr on proestrus. Estradiol then declined in relation to the increase in LH secretion and had returned to baseline by estrus. Progesterone secretion by the corpora lutea of the cycle also increased on the afternoon of D-l and reached a maximum value of 25–30 ng/ml early on the morning of D-2. At this time, a precipitous fall in progesterone occurred, returning to baseline values of 5–10 ng/ml by 0700 on D-2, signifying the regression of the corporalutea of the cycle. Progesterone remained low thereafter until the afternoon of proestrus when levels increased in response to the proestrous surge of LH. Following cervical stimulation at 1900 hr on proestrus, no differences were noted, with respect to the estrous cycle, in LH, FSH or estradiol secretion through the afternoon of D-2. Surprisingly, progesterone levels did not differ in the cycle and pseudopregnancy until the early morning of D-2. Instead of progesterone levels falling to baseline as they had during the cycle, the corpora lutea of pseudopregnancy were rescued, progesterone increasing dramatically to reach levels of 45–50 ng/ml by 1700 hr on that same day. The only difference in hormone secretion that was noted which could account for this marked divergence in progesterone secretion was the pattern of prolactin secretion following cervical stimulation. In contrast to the low levels seen during the estrous cycle, biphasic surges of prolactin secretion occurred each day, one being nocturnal (0100–0900 hr) and the other diurnal (1500–2100 hr). The rescue of the corpus luteum occurred in association with the nocturnal surge on D-2. These results suggest that prolactin is the major luteotropic stimulus which transforms an estrous cycle into a pseudopregnancyby prolonging progesterone secretion from the corpus luteum. Moreover, if LH is important for progesterone secretion, no changes were observed in the pattern of LH secretion which can account for the rescue of the corpus luteum. (Endocrinology 96: 219, 1975)
Footnotes
1 Publication No. 1224, Department of Physiology, Division of Basic Health Sciences, Emory University.
2 Supported by Research Grants from the National Institutes of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, USPHS (HD-04312) and the Population Council(M-69-73).
3 53 Post-Doctoral Trainee (NIH-USPHS Traning Grant GM-02156).
4 Present address:Department of Physiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts.
5 Present address:Department of Biological Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida.
6 Research Career Development Awardee (1-K-HD-30,774) of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, USPHS.
7 Address reprint requests to: J. D. Neill, Department of Physiology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322.
Received August 1, 1974.
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M. W. Knoferl, D. Jarrar, M. K. Angele, A. Ayala, M. G. Schwacha, K. I. Bland, and I. H. Chaudry 17beta -Estradiol normalizes immune responses in ovariectomized females after trauma-hemorrhage Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, October 1, 2001; 281(4): C1131 - C1138. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. A. Orihuela, M. Rios, and H. B. Croxatto Disparate Effects of Estradiol on Egg Transport and Oviductal Protein Synthesis in Mated and Cyclic Rats Biol Reprod, October 1, 2001; 65(4): 1232 - 1237. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 G. A. Graf, K. L. Roswell, and E. J. Smart 17{beta}-Estradiol promotes the up-regulation of SR-BII in HepG2 cells and in rat livers J. Lipid Res., September 1, 2001; 42(9): 1444 - 1449. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Dahlgren, C. Nilsson, E. Jennische, H.-P. Ho, E. Eriksson, A. Niklasson, P. Bjorntorp, K. A. Wikland, and A. Holmang Prenatal cytokine exposure results in obesity and gender-specific programming Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, August 1, 2001; 281(2): E326 - E334. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 L. B. Schwartz, F. Naftolin, C. R. Lyttle, A. S. Penzias, E. L. Meaddough, and H. J. Kliman Mouse Ascites Golgi (MAG) Mucin Expression and Regulation by Progesterone in the Rat Uterus Reproductive Sciences, July 1, 2001; 8(4): 216 - 223. [Abstract] [PDF]
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M. J. Smith and P. M. Wise Neurotensin Gene Expression Increases during Proestrus in the Rostral Medial Preoptic Nucleus: Potential for Direct Communication with Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Neurons Endocrinology, July 1, 2001; 142(7): 3006 - 3013. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Osada, G. Watanabe, Y. Sakaki, and T. Takeuchi Puromycin-Sensitive Aminopeptidase Is Essential for the Maternal Recognition of Pregnancy in Mice Mol. Endocrinol., June 1, 2001; 15(6): 882 - 893. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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I. F. Palm, E. M. van der Beek, H. J. M. Swarts, J. v. d. Vliet, V. M. Wiegant, R. M. Buijs, and A. Kalsbeek Control of the Estradiol-Induced Prolactin Surge by the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Endocrinology, June 1, 2001; 142(6): 2296 - 2302. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Knauf, V. Prevot, G. B. Stefano, G. Mortreux, J.-C. Beauvillain, and D. Croix Evidence for a Spontaneous Nitric Oxide Release from the Rat Median Eminence: Influence on Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Release Endocrinology, June 1, 2001; 142(6): 2343 - 2350. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Nilsson, B.-M. Larsson, E. Jennische, E. Eriksson, P. Bjorntorp, D. A. York, and A. Holmang Maternal Endotoxemia Results in Obesity and Insulin Resistance in Adult Male Offspring Endocrinology, June 1, 2001; 142(6): 2622 - 2630. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. R. Chiocchio, M. G.P. Gallardo, P. Louzan, V. Gutnisky, and J. H. Tramezzani Melanin-Concentrating Hormone Stimulates the Release of Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone and Gonadotropins in the Female Rat Acting at Both Median Eminence and Pituitary Levels Biol Reprod, May 1, 2001; 64(5): 1466 - 1472. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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 M. J. Blom, M. G. Wassink, H. J. Kloosterboer, A. G. H. Ederveen, J. G. D. Lambert, and H. J. Th. Goos Metabolism of Estradiol, Ethynylestradiol, and Moxestrol in Rat Uterus, Vagina, and Aorta: Influence of Sex Steroid Treatment Drug Metab. Dispos., January 1, 2001; 29(1): 76 - 81. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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D. B. Dubal and P. M. Wise Neuroprotective Effects of Estradiol in Middle-Aged Female Rats Endocrinology, January 1, 2001; 142(1): 43 - 48. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. W. Knoferl, D. Jarrar, M. G. Schwacha, M. K. Angele, W. G. Cioffi, K. I. Bland, and I. H. Chaudry Severe hypoxemia in the absence of blood loss causes a gender dimorphic immune response Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, December 1, 2000; 279(6): C2004 - C2010. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. E. Freeman, B. Kanyicska, A. Lerant, and G. Nagy Prolactin: Structure, Function, and Regulation of Secretion Physiol Rev, October 1, 2000; 80(4): 1523 - 1631. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Z. Li and M. Hay 17-beta -Estradiol Modulation of Area Postrema Potassium Currents J Neurophysiol, September 1, 2000; 84(3): 1385 - 1391. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Xu, J. H. Urban, J. W. Hill, and J. E. Levine Regulation of Hypothalamic Neuropeptide Y Y1 Receptor Gene Expression during the Estrous Cycle: Role of Progesterone Receptors Endocrinology, September 1, 2000; 141(9): 3319 - 3327. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. L. Turgeon and D. W. Waring Progesterone Regulation of the Progesterone Receptor in Rat Gonadotropes Endocrinology, September 1, 2000; 141(9): 3422 - 3429. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. Jarrar, P. Wang, W. G. Cioffi, K. I. Bland, and I. H. Chaudry The female reproductive cycle is an important variable in the response to trauma-hemorrhage Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, September 1, 2000; 279(3): H1015 - H1021. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 P. Parini, B. Angelin, A. Stavreus-Evers, B. Freyschuss, H. Eriksson, and M. Rudling Biphasic Effects of the Natural Estrogen 17{beta}-Estradiol on Hepatic Cholesterol Metabolism in Intact Female Rats Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, July 1, 2000; 20(7): 1817 - 1823. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 S. L. Sell, J. M. Scalzitti, M. L. Thomas, and K. A. Cunningham Influence of Ovarian Hormones and Estrous Cycle on the Behavioral Response to Cocaine in Female Rats J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., June 1, 2000; 293(3): 879 - 886. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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C. D. Buchanan, V. B. Mahesh, and D. W. Brann Estrogen-Astrocyte-Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone Signaling: A Rolefor Transforming Growth Factor-{beta}1 Biol Reprod, June 1, 2000; 62(6): 1710 - 1721. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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H.-Y. Li, J.-S. Bian, Y. W. Kwan, and T. M. Wong Enhanced Responses to 17beta -Estradiol in Rat Hearts Treated with Isoproterenol: Involvement of a Cyclic AMP-Dependent Pathway J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., May 1, 2000; 293(2): 592 - 598. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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P. E. Chappell and J. E. Levine Stimulation of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Surges by Estrogen. I. Role of Hypothalamic Progesterone Receptors Endocrinology, April 1, 2000; 141(4): 1477 - 1485. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J.I.J. van Casteren, W.G.E.J. Schoonen, and H.J. Kloosterboer Development of Time-Resolved Immunofluorometric Assays for Rat Follicle-Stimulating Hormone and Luteinizing Hormone and Application on Sera of Cycling Rats Biol Reprod, April 1, 2000; 62(4): 886 - 894. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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J. M. Bowen and P. L. Keyes Repeated Exposure to Prolactin Is Required to Induce Luteal Regression in the Hypophysectomized Rat Biol Reprod, April 1, 2000; 63(4): 1179 - 1184. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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B. J. Blyth, R. L. Hauger, R. H. Purdy, and J. A. Amico The neurosteroid allopregnanolone modulates oxytocin expression in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, March 1, 2000; 278(3): R684 - R691. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. A. Walsh, A. E. Mullick, C. E. Banka, and J. C. Rutledge 17{beta}-Estradiol acts separately on the LDL particle and artery wall to reduce LDL accumulation J. Lipid Res., January 1, 2000; 41(1): 134 - 141. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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J. M. Bowen and P. L. Keyes The Proestrous Prolactin Surge Is Not the Sole Initiator of Regressive Changes in Corpora Lutea of Normally Cycling Rats Biol Reprod, November 1, 1999; 61(5): 1208 - 1215. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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S. M.N. Hunt and C. L. Clarke Expression and Hormonal Regulation of the Sox4 Gene in Mouse Female Reproductive Tissues Biol Reprod, August 1, 1999; 61(2): 476 - 481. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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Y. Ishida and J. N. M. Heersche Progesterone- and Dexamethasone-Dependent Osteoprogenitors in Bone Cell Populations Derived from Rat Vertebrae Are Different and Distinct Endocrinology, July 1, 1999; 140(7): 3210 - 3218. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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 D. S. Hunter, L. C. Hodges, P. M. Vonier, R. Fuchs-Young, M. M. Gottardis, and C. L. Walker Estrogen Receptor Activation via Activation Function 2 Predicts Agonism of Xenoestrogens in Normal and Neoplastic Cells of the Uterine Myometrium Cancer Res., July 1, 1999; 59(13): 3090 - 3099. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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