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Submitted on September 1, 2007
Accepted on November 20, 2007
Center for Health and the Environment (J.C., N.A.G., B.L.L), Department of Entomology (K.C.A., S.J.G., B.D.H), California National Primate Research Center (N.A.G., B.L.L.), Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, UCD Medical Center (A.J.D.), Department of Nutrition (L.Z), Cancer Research Center (B.D.H.), University of California, Davis, California 95616 and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (M.I.M., A.J.D.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: bllasley{at}ucdavis.edu.
Many xenobiotics have been associated with endocrine effects in a wide range of biological systems. These associations are usually between small non-steroid molecules and steroid receptor signaling systems. In this report, triclocarban (TCC; 3,4,4'-trichlorocarbanilide), a common ingredient in personal care products that is employed as an antimicrobial agent was evaluated and found to represent a new category of endocrine-disrupting substance (EDS). A cell-based androgen receptor-mediated bioassay was used to demonstrate that TCC and other urea compounds with a similar structure, which have little or no endocrine activity when tested alone, act to enhance testosterone (T) induced androgen receptor-mediated transcriptional activity in vitro. This amplification effect of TCC was also apparent in vivo when 0.25% TCC was added to the diet of castrated male rats that were supported by exogenous testosterone treatment for ten days. All male sex accessory organs increased significantly in size following the T+TCC treatment compared to T or TCC treatments alone. The data presented here suggest that the bioactivity of endogenous hormones may be amplified by exposure to commercial personal care products containing sufficient levels of TCC.
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