help button home button Endocrine Society Endocrinology
HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
Endocrinology, doi:10.1210/en.2003-1528
This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow All Versions of this Article:
145/12/5616    most recent
Author Manuscript (PDF)
Right arrow Purchase Article
Right arrow View Shopping Cart
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow Request Copyright Permission
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Seals, R. C.
Right arrow Articles by Veldhuis, J. D.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Seals, R. C.
Right arrow Articles by Veldhuis, J. D.
Endocrinology Vol. 145, No. 12 5616-5622
Copyright © 2004 by The Endocrine Society

Up-Regulation of Basal Transcriptional Activity of the Cytochrome P450 Cholesterol Side-Chain Cleavage (CYP11A) Gene by Isoform-Specific Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase in Primary Cultures of Ovarian Granulosa Cells

Richard C. Seals, Randall J. Urban, Natesampillai Sekar and Johannes D. Veldhuis

Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (R.C.S.), Department of Internal Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908; Division of Endocrinology (R.J.U.), Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555; and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (N.S., J.D.V.), Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Medical and Graduate Schools of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905

Address all correspondence and requests for reprints to: Johannes D. Veldhuis, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Medical and Graduate Schools of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905. E-mail: veldhuis.johannes{at}mayo.edu.


   Abstract
Top
 Abstract
Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 References
 
Intracellular calcium ions (Ca2+) regulate steroidogenesis in the placenta, adrenal gland, testis, and ovary. Earlier data indicate that Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CamK) may mediate Ca2+-dependent up-regulation of CYP11A (cholesterol side-chain cleavage). To examine this notion further, we assessed the expression and actions of isotype-specific CamK on in vitro transcription of the swine CYP11A gene promoter in primary cultures of ovarian granulosa-luteal cells. RT-PCR and oligodeoxynucleotide sequencing identified gene transcripts encoding CamKII and IV in granulosa and theca cells and corpora lutea. DNA sequence homology with the cognate human and rat genes was 97 and 94% (CamKII) and 96 and 88% (CamKIV), respectively. SDS-PAGE and isoform-specific immunoblotting corroborated expression of CamKII (~52 kDa) and CamKIV (~60 kDa) proteins. To monitor transcriptional control, granulosa-luteal cells were transfected transiently with a putative 5'-upstream regulatory region of the homologous CYP11A gene –2320 to +23 bp from the transcriptional start site driving luciferase (CYP11A/luc). Coexpression of constitutively active CamKIV elevated basal transcription by 3.5 ± 0.2-fold (P < 0.001), whereas inactive mutant CamKIV and native CamKII had no effect. Forskolin, an activator of adenylyl cyclase, stimulated expression of CYP11A/luciferase by 4.5 ± 0.9-fold (P < 0.001) and did not enhance transcriptional drive by exogenous CamKIV. Preliminary promoter-deletional analyses showed that a proximal 5'-fragment –100 to +23 bp, but not –50/+23 bp, retained full responsiveness to CamKIV (4.5 ± 0.4-fold; P < 0.001). Threefold cotransfection of –100/+23 bp CYP11A/luciferase, active CamKIV, and a dominant-negative mutant of the cAMP-responsive element binding protein (10, 100, and 250 ng) inhibited CamKIV-stimulated transcriptional activity by 17, 47, and 48% (pooled SEM± 2%) [P < 0.01]. The dominant-negative mutant of the cAMP-responsive element binding protein also repressed forskolin’s stimulation of –100/+23 CYP11A/luciferase by 12, 38, and 52% (P < 0.01). Based on these ensemble outcomes, we postulate that endogenous CamKIV may serve as a Ca2+-dependent effector mechanism to maintain basal CYP11A gene expression in ovarian granulosa-luteal cells.


   Introduction
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
Materials and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 References
 
A VARIETY OF peptides and steroid hormones act convergently on the enzymatically rate-limiting step in steroidogenesis, viz., cytochrome P450-containing cholesterol side-chain cleavage (CYP11A) (1). The cognate gene has been cloned in the pig (2), human (3, 4), rat (5), mouse (6), and cow (7). FSH and LH induce CYP11A expression principally by activating cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) signaling (4). In addition, gonadotropins evoke intracellular Ca2+ signals in ovarian target cells via distinctive mechanisms (8). In porcine granulosa cells, pharmacological blockade of extracellular Ca2+ uptake impairs FSH-stimulated pregnenolone and progesterone biosynthesis, in situ CYP11A gene expression, and transcriptional activity of a 5'-upstream CYP11A gene fragment without altering adenylyl cyclase activity (5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12). Several pharmacological inhibitors of calmodulin activity suppress, whereas liposomal delivery of activated Ca2+-calmodulin complexes enhances, progesterone secretion by swine granulosa-luteal cells (13, 14, 15, 16). However, the trans-acting nuclear signals and the cis-DNA sequences that mediate facilitative steroidogenic actions of Ca2+ on CYP11A gene expression are not known.

The present study tested the hypotheses that specific isotypes of calmodulin kinase (CamK), which are prime activational targets of Ca2+-calmodulin, are expressed in granulosa-luteal cells and drive in vitro transcriptional activity of the CYP11A promoter. Because of the importance of the cAMP-PKA pathway in regulating gonadotropin-induced CYP11A expression, we compared in vitro transcriptional responses to overexpression of isotype-specific CamK minigenes with forskolin stimulation.


   Materials and Methods
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
Results
 Discussion
 References
 
This study was approved by the Institutional Committee on Animal Care, Welfare, and Safety.

Reagents
Ovine FSH (National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; potency 94 x National Institutes of Health oFSH-S1) was obtained from the National Hormone and Pituitary Program, NIH (Bethesda, MD); porcine insulin and forskolin from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Corp. (St. Louis, MO); Eagle’s MEM, Ham’s F12/Dulbecco’s MEM, Opti-MEM, penicillin/streptomycin, gentamicin, fetal calf serum, collagenase, DNase, T4 DNA ligase, nuclear restriction enzymes (HindIII and BamHI), and Lipofectamine were from Life Technologies, Inc. (Grand Island, NY); oligonucleotides from Operon Technologies (Alameda, CA); oligo(dT)15 primer and deoxynucleotide triphosphates (dNTPs) from Roche Molecular Biochemicals (Indianapolis, IN); and RNase inhibitor, murine leukemia virus reverse transcriptase, Ampliwax PCR beads, and Amplitaq Gold DNA polymerase from Perkin-Elmer Corp. (Brandsberg, NJ).

PCR oligonucleotide primer pairs were designed based on the known DNA coding sequences of CamKII and CamKIV in the human, mouse, and rat so that the expected PCR product would be 347 bp for CamKII and 271 bp for CamKIV. The sense and antisense primers for CamKII (GenBank accession no. U72973) were 5'-GCTGATGCCAGCCACTGTAT-3' and 5'-TGGTGATGGGAAGTCATAGG-3', respectively. The sense and antisense oligonucleotide primers for CamKIV (GenBank accession no. XM_003965) were 5'-CCGGATTACTGGATCGAC-3' and 5'-AACAGTTCTCCTCCTGTGAC-3', respectively.

Granulosa cell culture
Porcine granulosa and theca cells were harvested from small and medium (1–5 mm)-sized follicles by fine-needle aspiration of ovaries obtained from immature swine (60–70 kg), as described previously (17, 18, 19). For subsequent RT-PCR and immunoblot analyses, cells (3 x 107 granulosa cells/dish or 1.5 x 107 theca cells/dish) were plated at 37 C in bicarbonate-buffered MEM with 3% fetal calf serum with antibiotics (penicillin, streptomycin, and gentamicin) overnight (18–24 h) in 10-cm dishes (Corning, Inc., Corning, NY). In transient transfection studies, granulosa cells (2.5 x 106/well) were plated in 24-well plates containing the same medium plus insulin (1 µg/ml), estradiol (0.5 µg/ml), and FSH (5 ng/ml) to permit cell anchorage for 48 h and partial steroidogenic maturation. The foregoing medium was replaced once after 24 h. Cells were harvested 24 h later by rinsing once with Dulbecco’s PBS and then lysed with either TriReagent (Molecular Research Center, Inc., Cincinnati, OH, for RT-PCR experiments) or immunoprecipitation buffer (9.1 mM dibasic sodium phosphate, 1.7 mM monobasic sodium phosphate, 150 mM NaCl, 1% IEPGAL CA-630, 0.5% sodium deoxycholate, 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate, 1 mM sodium vanadate, and 1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride for immunoblot experiments).

RT-PCR
Semiquantitative RT-PCR was used to detect mRNA encoding CamKII and CamKIV by reverse transcription (RT) of 2.5 µg total cellular RNA. Each reaction contained 1 mM of each dNTP, 2.5 µM oligio (dT)15, 50 U RNase inhibitor, 2.5 mM MgCl2, 50 mM KCl, 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.3), and 50 U murine leukemia virus reverse transcriptase in a final volume of 50 µl. RT was performed at 42 C for 15 min followed by 99 C for 5 min.

PCR was performed in separate parallel 50-µl reactions containing 2.5 mM MgCl2, 100 pmol each of forward and reverse gene-specific primers, 1 x PCR buffer II (pH 8.3), 200 µM of each dNTP, 1.25 U AmpliTaq Gold DNA polymerase, and 10 µl of PCR product. AmpliWax PCR beads were used to form the moisture barrier. PCR products were heated to 95 C for 12 min to activate DNA polymerase (Thermolyne Amplitron I, Barnstead/Thermolyne Corp., Dubuque, IA). CamKII and CamKIV were amplified for either 35 or 40 cycles with successive denaturation at 94 C for 30 sec, annealing at 57 C for 2 min, and extension at 72 C for 1 min. After a final extension reaction at 72 C for 10 min, the mixture was rapidly cooled to 4 C. PCR products were visualized on a 1% agarose gel stained with ethidium bromide.

RT-PCR products were sequenced from multiple (at least three) independent samples obtained from different batches of ovaries via an automated ABI model DNA sequencer (Biomolecular Research Facility, University of Virginia). DNA sequence analysis was performed using the GCG sequence analysis package (Madison, WI) and BLAST comparisons (20).

Western blot analysis
Extracted proteins (125 µg/lane) were subjected to 10% SDS-PAGE and transferred by electroblotting to nitrocellulose membranes. Peptides were identified using a human monoclonal CamKII antibody (BD Transduction Laboratories; San Diego, CA) or polyclonal CamKIV antisera (Santa Cruz Biotechnology; Santa Cruz, CA). Antigen-antibody complexes were detected with a rat antimouse antibody (for CamKII) or donkey antirabbit antibody (for CamKIV) using horseradish peroxidase and enhanced chemiluminescence (Western blotting analysis system, Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Piscataway, NJ).

Preparation of porcine CYP11A promoter-luciferase (luc) plasmid
A 2353-bp fragment (–2320 to +23) 5'-upstream to and inclusive of the transcriptional start site of the porcine CYP11A gene and nested deletional sequences have been described (17). In the present studies, fragments were recovered by BamHI/HindIII digestion and subcloned into cognate restriction sites in a promoterless vector upstream of firefly luc cDNA (p0Luc-IAV Link V.4; a gift from Richard Day, University of Virginia) and polyadenylation tract (TK poly A, Stratagene, La Jolla, CA). The luc protein targets to the cytoplasm (Luc IAV, Promega Corp., Madison, WI). PCRs were performed using a thermocycler (Thermolyne Amplitron I, Barnstead/Thermolyne) and Taq polymerase to generate double-stranded DNA fragments containing –73 and –50 nucleotides 5'-upstream through 23 bp downstream of the transcriptional start site. BamHI and HindIII restriction sites were engineered into the DNA fragments for directional subcloning into p0Luc-IAV. The identity of each fragment was verified by DNA sequencing.

Transfection of porcine granulosa-luteal (GL) cells
Transfection conditions were optimized 24 h after the second medium change. Monolayer cultures were rinsed with serum-free MEM without antibiotics for 30–45 min before the addition of transfection medium (500 µl/well) containing 1 µg total plasmid DNA and 6 µl Lipofectamine. Total DNA comprised 650 ng CYP11A/luc construct, 100 ng TK-renilla-luc (to normalize data for transfection efficiency), and 250 ng pSG5 (empty control vector) or constitutively active or inactive forms of either CamKII or CamKIV plasmids under control of Rous sarcoma virus promoter (gifts from Anthony R. Means, Duke University, Durham, NC). After transfection proceeded for 6 h at 37 C, culture medium was replaced with MEM and 3% fetal calf serum containing antibiotics for 6 h to allow cell recovery. Expression continued for an additional 4 h in serum-free MEM containing antibiotics and either vehicle [dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO)] or 10 µM forskolin. A promoterless luc expression vector was transfected in parallel cultures as a negative control.

To monitor the transcriptional response, granulosa cells were rinsed once with Dulbecco’s PBS and lysed in 100 µl 1x lysis buffer (luc assay system, Promega). Lysates were stored at –70 C until assay. Luc activity was measured in 20 µl cellular lysate with 100 µl firefly luciferin substrate (Promega) and 100 µl renilla substrate (Promega) using a TD20e luminometer (Turner Designs, Sunnyvale, CA).

Data analysis
Each experiment was performed at least three times using cells harvested from a separate batch of 200–300 ovaries. To normalize for transfectional efficiency, the luc to renilla activity ratio is expressed relative to the within-experiment (basal) CYP11A/luc control value or as a percentage of maximal luc stimulation [a dominant-negative mutant of cAMP response element-binding protein (KCREB) experiments]. Means from the independent experiments were logarithmically transformed and subjected to one-way ANOVA. Significant contrasts were assessed post hoc using Tukey’s multiple comparison test. P < 0.05 was considered significant.


   Results
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results
Discussion
 References
 
Ethidium bromide staining of agarose gel-resolved products of RT-PCR of total mRNA extracted from granulosa and theca cells and corpora lutea revealed single bands consistent with a predicted 347 bp size for CamKII and 271 bp for CamKIV in each cell/tissue type (Fig. 1Go). The PCR product corresponding to CamKII had 97 and 94% homology with human and rat DNA sequences, respectively, and the product associated with CamKIV, 96 and 88% homology, respectively. A hemi-cAMP response element (CRE) sequence in reverse orientation was identifiable between –57 and –45 bp in the pig CYP11A proximal promoter region.



View larger version (92K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		FIG. 1. Representative 1% ethidium bromide-stained agarose gels of RT-PCR products amplified using conservative primers for Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II (CamKII) and type IV (CamKIV) (see Materials and Methods). A single band is visualized for both CamKII (sequenced as 347 bp) and CamKIV (sequenced as 271 bp) in swine granulosa cells (GC, left), theca cells (TC, middle), and corpora lutea (CL, right). Numbers are thermal cycles.

 
SDS-PAGE immunoblotting of protein extracts from each of granulosa and theca cells and corpora lutea revealed bands of either approximately 52 kDa or approximately 60 kDa, consistent with CamKII and CamKIV, respectively (Fig. 2Go). A single band was evident for CamKII using monoclonal human antiserum, whereas additional bands were observed with the polyclonal antiserum to CamKIV. Immunospecific positive controls included lysates of rat brain containing CamKII and Jurkat-lymphoma cells containing CamKIV (21, 22). Neuronal CamKII consists of two major subunits of 52 and 60 kDa encoded by {alpha}-CamKII (52 kDa) and ß-CamKII (60 kDa) genes, respectively (21). In many tissues, CamKIV also migrates on SDS-PAGE as a closely spaced doublet (23, 24).



View larger version (11K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		FIG. 2. Western blots of Ca2+/CamKII (A) and CamKIV (B) in porcine granulosa (GC) and theca (TC) cells and corpora lutea (CL). Extracted proteins (125 µg/lane) were resolved by 10% SDS-PAGE, transferred to nitrocellulose membranes, and probed with either a mouse monoclonal antibody to human CamKII (A) or rabbit polyclonal antiserum to CamKIV (B). The reaction was visualized by enhanced chemiluminescence. Rat brain and Jurkat lymphoma-cell lysates (5 µg), which yield immunoreactive doublets, served as positive controls for CamKII and CamKIV, respectively.

 
To explore transcriptional responsiveness to CamK, granulosa cells were transfected with –2320/+23 CYP11A/luc and constitutively active forms of CamKIV or CamKII, corresponding inactive mutants or empty vector along with DMSO or forskolin (10 µM) (Fig. 3Go, top left). Constitutively active CamKIV consistently increased basal luc expression by 3.5 ± 0.2-fold (P < 0.001). None of the three control plasmids altered the activity of full-length CYP11A/luc or the promoterless luc plasmid. The adenylyl cyclase-activating diterpene, forskolin, increased CYP11A/luc expression by 4.5 ± 0.9-fold (P < 0.001). The absolute effect of forskolin was not influenced by cotransfection of any vector, including CamKIV. However, the further increase achieved by forskolin combined with CamKIV was less than that induced by forskolin alone due to elevated basal –2320/+23 CYP11A/luc activity associated with CamKIV overexpression.



View larger version (40K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		FIG. 3. Stimulation of transcriptional activity of 5'-upstream deletional fragments of CYP11A/luc (250 ng DNA) by transient transfection of constitutively activated CamKIV (400 ng DNA) along with Renilla luciferase (100 ng) in primary cultures of pig GL cells. Transcriptional responses were quantitated over a 4-h interval beginning 6 h after transfection of each of four CYP11A/luc deletional fragments: full-length –2320/+23 bp (A); –100/+23 bp (B); –73/+23 bp (C); and –50/+23 bp (D). Transfections comprised empty plasmid (control), constitutively active CamKII, inactive mutants of CamKII and CamKIV and the indicated CYP11A/luc reporter construct. Cells were exposed to vehicle (DMSO) or forskolin (10 µM) for 4 h beginning 6 h after transfection. The y-axis presents the percentage rise over unstimulated (basal) activity of the corresponding deletional fragment of CYP11A/luc. Data were first normalized for transfectional efficiency. Values are the mean ± SEM (n = 3) independent experiments. The effect of forskolin exceeds that of CamKIV at P < 0.01, except for the comparison marked by an asterisk (D).

 
Initial promoter analysis was carried out using successive 5'-deletional constructs of –2320/+23 CYP11A/luc comprising –1100, –500, –100, –73, and –50 bp upstream to +23 bp downstream of the transcriptional start site. None showed modulation by CamKII. Figure 3Go summarizes responses of –2320 (above), –100, –73, and –50/+23 CYP11A/luc to overexpression of CamKIV. The two intermediate-sized sequences evinced transcriptional responsiveness equivalent to that of the full-length –2320 fragment to CamKIV; viz., 4.5 ± 0.4 and 4.5 ± 0.6-fold that of empty expression vector (P < 0.001 vs. unstimulated). In four additional experiments, basal expression of –50/+23 CYP11A/luc was significantly reduced to 13% that of –100/+23 CYP11A but remained responsive to overexpression of constitutively activated CamKIV and stimulation with forskolin (10 µM); viz. respectively by 2.3 ± 0.2-fold (P < 0.01) and 2.6 ± 0.3-fold (P < 0.01). Combined CamKIV and forskolin were not additive in effect (2.9 ± 0.4-fold) [n = 4 experiments].

Inspection of the proximal (–100 bp) 5'-upstream regulatory region revealed a putative hemi-CRE sequence in reverse orientation (–57/–45 bp). To test possible involvement of the major CRE-binding protein (CREB) in CamKIV-dependent stimulation, we cotransfected GL cells with –100/+23 bp CYP11A/luc, constitutively active CamKIV or pSG5 (empty vector), and KCREB (a gift from Richard Goodman, Vollum Institute, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, OR). The KCREB vector contains a full-length CREB cDNA harboring a single base pair substitution that introduces an Arg (287) to Leu (287) transversion in the corresponding protein-DNA binding domain. Thereby, KCREB dimerizes with and inactivates nuclear CREB (25). Cotransfection of KCREB (10, 100, and 250 ng DNA) and Renilla/luc (100 ng) inhibited CamKIV (250 ng)-stimulated –100/+23 bp CYP11A/luc (400 ng) expression in a concentration-dependent manner; viz., by 17, 47, and 48% (P < 0.01; pooled SEM± 2%; Fig. 4AGo). Under the same conditions, KCREB: 1) did not alter basal –100/+23 CYP11A/luc expression (in the absence of forskolin or CamKIV, P > 0.1); 2) suppressed the –100/+23 bp reporter response to forskolin by 12, 38, and 52% (P < 0.01 concentration response); and 3) inhibited stimulation of –100/+23 CYP11A/luc by combined forskolin and CamKIV by 9.5, 40, and 43% (P < 0.01). In corollary, we tested the impact of KCREB (250 ng) on basal (DSMO) and CamKIV vs. forskolin (10 µM) stimulation of –50/+23 CYP11A/luc. Basal (unstimulated) –50/+23 CYP11A/luc activity was only 13% that of –100/+23 CYP11A/luc (Fig. 4BGo). KCREB did not change basal or CamKIV-induced –50/+23 CYP11A/luc expression but inhibited that driven by forskolin (by 51 ± 8.3%) and in lesser measure that induced by forskolin combined with CamKIV (by 21 ± 4.7%) (P < 0.01 contrast, n = 4 experiments). Thus, the actions of CamKIV and forskolin are distinguishable on the –50/+23 but not the –100/+23 CYP11A/luc fragment.



View larger version (27K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		FIG. 4. Transient transfection of KCREB inhibits exogenous CamKIV-stimulated transcriptional activity of –100/+23 fluc CYP11A (A) but not –50/+23 CYP11A/luc (B) in GL cells (see Materials and Methods). Each putative proximal promoter fragment (400 ng) was cotransfected with constitutively active CamKIV (250 ng), varying amounts of KCREB (0, 10, 100, or 250 ng) (A) or a fixed amount of KCREB (250 ng DNA) (B) and control vector(s) including Renilla (100 ng) to achieve 1 µg total DNA. After 6 h of recovery, cells were stimulated with forskolin (10 µM) or vehicle (DMSO) for 4 h. Data are the mean (± SEM) percentage suppression of maximal forskolin or CamKIV-stimulated CYP11A/luc activity (each defined as 100%) [n = 3 (A) and n = 4 (B) independent experiments]. P values reflect the effect of KCREB addition, compared with that of empty expression vector. Different (unshared) alphabetic superscripts denote significant mean post hoc contrasts.

 

   Discussion
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
References
 
The activated Ca2+-calmodulin complex is a potent stimulus of CamKs, phosphatases, and isotypes of adenylyl cyclase (26). Among Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases, CamKII is expressed predominantly in neural tissues, whereas CamKIV is represented in brain, thymus, T lymphocytes, testis, and ovary (27, 28). The nuclear localization of CamKIV peptide facilitates its phosphorylation of rele-vant transcription factors, such as CREB, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein, and serum response factor (29, 30). Although little is known about the role of specific CamK effector pathways in gonadal cells, transgenic silencing of the CamKIV gene impairs granulosa-cell luteinization and ovulation in mice (30). The present experiments extend the latter insight by demonstrating expression of CamKIV and CamKII gene transcripts and immunoreactive proteins in (porcine) granulosa and theca cells and corpora lutea and documenting that exogenous CamKIV but not CamKII stimulates in vitro transcriptional activity of CYP11A in primary cultures of GL cells.

Primary cultures of GL cells were used to assess putative mechanisms of CamKIV-specific enhancement of transcriptional activity of CYP11A. Transient overexpression of a constitutively active CamKIV minigene stimulated transcriptional activity of a –2320/+23 bp 5'-upstream fragment of swine CYP11A by 3.5-fold. In contrast, analogous expression vectors driving active CamKII or inactive CamIV were ineffectual. More than 2.5-fold transcriptional responsiveness to CamKIV was retained by putative proximal promoter regions –100/+23 (2.9-fold) and –50/+23 CYP11A/luc (2.6-fold), albeit at reduced basal expression levels. The –100/+23 bp CYP11A fragment contains an apparent hemi-CRE sequence (–57/–45), which in principle could be responsive to endogenous CREB. Accordingly, we tested the possible relevance of CREB by cotransfection with a dominant-negative mutant CREB minigene (KCREB). KCREB expression repressed transcriptional drive by CamKIV in a KCREB-concentration-dependent fashion. In the case of –100/+23 CYP11A/luc, maximal inhibition by KCREB was approximately 50% of the CamKIV-stimulated effect. Incomplete repression by KCREB suggests that CamKIV may augment –100/+23 CYP11A/luc transcriptional activity in part via non-CREB-dependent mechanisms. KCREB analogously inhibited forskolin’s stimulation of –100/+23 and –50/+23 CYP11A/luc activity by about 50%. In contrast, KCREB failed to reduce the 2.3-fold stimulatory effect of CamKIV on –50/+23 CYP11A/luc, wherein the putative hemi-CRE region is truncated. The last observation points to distinguishable mechanisms of CamKIV and forskolin action on the most proximal region of the putative porcine CYP11A promoter studied here. The nature of such inferred mechanisms is not known.

The individual stimulatory effects of CamKIV and forskolin on transcriptional activity of deletional (–2320 to –50/+23 bp) fragments of CYP11A/luc were concordant. However, responses to combined agonists were not additive. Thus, collective data are consistent with partially convergent actions of cAMP/PKA and CamKIV. For example, intracellular Ca2+ availability in granulosa cells is required for maximal forskolin-stimulated accumulation of CYP11A mRNA (12). In addition, the present work shows that, except for –50/+23 CYP11A/luc, KCREB antagonizes transcriptional stimulation of CYP11A by CamKIV and cAMP/PKA comparably. Because putative inhibition of CREB blocks up-regulation by CamKIV and forskolin by approximately 50%, our findings allow for roles of other (non-CREB) Ca2+-modulated transcriptional factors in stimulating CYP11A expression in ovarian cells.

In summary, the present studies document the expression of transcriptional and translational products of the CamKII and CamKIV gene in porcine corpora lutea and granulosa and theca cells. Transient overexpression of a constitutively active CamKIV but not CamKII minigene in primary cultures of GL cells induces transcriptional activity of –2320/+23 and –100/+23 bp 5'-upstream fragments of homologous CYP11A by 3.5-fold. Transcriptional stimulation by CamKIV is nonadditive with that of forskolin and repressed significantly but incompletely by an exogenous CREB antagonist. Based on available data, we postulate that endogenous CamKIV contributes to Ca2+-dependent and forskolin-driven expression of CYP11A gene expression in GL cells.


   Acknowledgments
 
The authors thank Drs. Anthony Means (Duke University, Durham, NC) for donating the CamK plasmids, Richard Day (University of Virginia, Charlottesville) for providing the luc vector, and Richard Goodman (Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, OR) for supplying KCREB.


   Footnotes
 
This work was supported in part by National Institutes of Health (NIH) Training Grant T32 HD07382 and NIH R01 HD16393-19 (to J.D.V.) and NIH Specialized Cooperative Center for Studies in Women’s Health (to the University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA).

Current address for R.C.S.: Bioanalytical Systems-Evansville, 10424 Middle Mt. Vernon Road, Mount Vernon, Indiana 47620.

Abbreviations: CamK, Calmodulin kinase; CRE, cAMP response element; CREB, CRE-binding protein; DMSO, dimethylsulfoxide; dNTP, deoxynucleotide triphosphate; GL, granulosa-luteal; KCREB, dominant-negative mutant of cAMP response element-binding protein; luc, luciferase; PKA, protein kinase A; RT, reverse transcription.

Received November 11, 2003.

Accepted for publication July 28, 2004.


   References
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 References
 

  1. Miller WL 1988 Molecular biology of steroid hormone synthesis. Endocr Rev 9:295–318[Medline]
  2. Mulheron GW, Stone RT, Miller WL, Wise T 1989 Nucleotide sequence of cytochrome P-450 cholesterol side-chain cleavage cDNA isolated from porcine testis. Nucleic Acids Res 17:1773[Free Full Text]
  3. Morohashi K, Sogawa K, Omura T, Fujii-Kuriyama Y 1987 Gene structure of human cytochrome P-450(SCC), cholesterol desmolase. J Biochem (Tokyo) 101:879–887[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  4. Moore CC, Brentano ST, Miller WL 1990 Human P450scc gene transcription is induced by cyclic AMP and repressed by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate and A23187 through independent cis elements. Mol Cell Biol 10:6013–6023[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  5. Oonk RB, Parker KL, Gibson JL, Richards JS 1990 Rat cholesterol side-chain cleavage cytochrome P450 (P450scc) gene. Structure and regulation by cAMP in vitro. J Biol Chem 265:22392–22401[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  6. Rice DA, Kirkman MS, Aitken LD, Mouw AR, Schimmer BP, Parker KL 1990 Analysis of the promoter region of the gene encoding mouse cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme. J Biol Chem 265:11713–11720[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  7. Ahlgren R, Simpson ER, Waterman MR, Lund J 1990 Characterization of the promoter/regulatory region of the bovine CYP11A (P450scc) gene. Basal and cAMP-dependent expression. J Biol Chem 265:3313–3319[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  8. Flores JA, Veldhuis JD, Leong DA 1990 Follicle-stimulating hormone evokes an increase in intracellular free calcium ion concentrations in single ovarian (granulosa) cells. Endocrinology 127:3172–3179[Abstract]
  9. Inoue H, Higashi Y, Morohashi K, Fujii-Kuriyama Y 1988 The 5'-flanking region of the human P450scc gene shows responsiveness to cAMP-dependent regulation in a transient gene-expression system of Y-1 adrenal tumor cells. Eur J Biochem 171:435–440[Medline]
  10. Flores JA, Aguirre C, Sharma OP, Veldhuis JD 1998 Luteinizing hormone (LH) stimulates both intracellular calcium ion [Ca2+]i mobilization and transmembrane cation influx in single ovarian (granulosa) cells: recruitment as a cellular mechanism of LH-[Ca2+]i dose response. Endocrinology 139:3606–3612[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  11. Sharma OP, Flores JA, Leong DA, Veldhuis JD 1994 Cellular basis for follicle-stimulating hormone-stimulated calcium signaling in single rat Sertoli cells: possible dissociation from effects of adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate. Endocrinology 134:1915–1923[Abstract]
  12. Jayes FC, Day RN, Garmey JC, Urban RJ, Zhang G, Veldhuis JD 2000 Calcium ions positively modulate follicle-stimulating hormone and exogenous cyclic 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate-driven transcription of the P450scc gene in porcine granulosa cells. Endocrinology 141:2377–2384[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  13. Alila HW, Davis JS, Dowd JP, Corradino RA, Hansel W 1990 Differential effects of calcium on progesterone production in small and large bovine luteal cells. J Steroid Biochem 36:687–693[CrossRef][Medline]
  14. Tsang BK, Carnegie JA 1983 Calcium requirement in the gonadotropic regulation of rat granulosa cell progesterone production. Endocrinology 113:763–769[Abstract]
  15. Veldhuis JD, Klase PA 1982 Mechanisms by which calcium ions regulate the steroidogenic actions of luteinizing hormone in isolated ovarian cells in vitro. Endocrinology 111:1–6[Abstract]
  16. Veldhuis JD, Klase PA, Demers LM, Chafouleas JG 1984 Mechanisms subserving calcium’s modulation of luteinizing hormone action in isolated swine granulosa cells. Endocrinology 114:441–449[Abstract]
  17. Urban RJ, Garmey JC, Shupnik MA, Veldhuis JD 1990 Insulin-like growth factor type I increases concentrations of messenger ribonucleic acid encoding cytochrome P450 cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme in primary cultures of porcine granulosa cells. Endocrinology 127:2481–2488[Abstract]
  18. Zhang G, Garmey JC, Veldhuis JD 2000 Interactive stimulation by luteinizing hormone and insulin of the steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein and 17{alpha} hydroxylase/17,20-lyase (CYP17) genes in porcine theca cells. Endocrinology 141:2735–2742[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  19. Sekar N, Veldhuis JD 2001 Concerted transcriptional activation of the low density lipoprotein receptor gene by insulin and luteinizing hormone in cultured porcine granulosa-luteal cells: possible convergence of protein kinase A, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways. Endocrinology 142:2921–2928[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  20. Altschul SF, Madden TL, Schaffer AA, Zhang J, Zhang Z, Miller W, Lipman DJ 1997 Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: a new generation of protein database search programs. Nucleic Acids Res 25:3389–3402[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  21. Brocke L, Chiang LW, Wagner PD, Schulman H 1999 Functional implications of the subunit composition of neuronal CaM kinase II. J Biol Chem 274:22713–22722[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  22. Schulman H 1993 The multifunctional calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases. Curr Opin Cell Biol 5:247–253[CrossRef][Medline]
  23. Means AR, Ribar TJ, Kane CD, Hook SS, Anderson KA 1997 Regulation and properties of the rat Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV gene and its protein products. Recent Prog Horm Res 52:389–406
  24. Sakagami H, Kondo H 1993 Cloning and sequencing of a gene encoding the ß polypeptide of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV and its expression confined to the mature cerebellar granule cells. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 19:215–218[Medline]
  25. Walton KM, Rehfuss RP, Chrivia JC, Lochner JE, Goodman RH 1992 A dominant repressor of cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP)-regulated enhancer-binding protein activity inhibits the cAMP-mediated induction of the somatostatin promoter in vivo. Mol Endocrinol 6:647–655[Abstract]
  26. Means AR 2000 Regulatory cascades involving calmodulin-dependent protein kinases. Mol Endocrinol 14:4–13[Free Full Text]
  27. Edelman AM, Mitchelhill KI, Selbert MA, Anderson KA, Hook SS, Stapleton D, Goldstein EG, Means AR, Kemp BE 1996 Multiple calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinases from rat brain. Purification, regulation by calcium-calmodulin, and partial amino-acid sequence. J Biol Chem 271:10806–10810[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  28. Soderling TR 1996 Structure and regulation of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases II and IV. Biochim Biophys Acta 1297:131–138[CrossRef][Medline]
  29. Wu JY, Means AR 2000 Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV is expressed in spermatids and targeted to chromatin and the nuclear matrix. J Biol Chem 275:7994–7999[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  30. Wu JY, Gonzalez-Robayna IJ, Richards JS, Means AR 2000 Female fertility is reduced in mice lacking Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV. Endocrinology 141:4777–4783[Abstract/Free Full Text]



This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
 Mol Hum ReprodHome page
P. A. Fowler, N. J. Dora, H. McFerran, M. R. Amezaga, D. W. Miller, R. G. Lea, P. Cash, A. S. McNeilly, N. P. Evans, C. Cotinot, et al.
In utero exposure to low doses of environmental pollutants disrupts fetal ovarian development in sheep
Mol. Hum. Reprod., May 1, 2008; 14(5): 269 - 280.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
S. Natesampillai, J. Kerkvliet, P. C. K. Leung, and J. D. Veldhuis
Regulation of Kruppel-like factor 4, 9, and 13 genes and the steroidogenic genes LDLR, StAR, and CYP11A in ovarian granulosa cells
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, February 1, 2008; 294(2): E385 - E391.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
K. Sayasith, J. G. Lussier, and J. Sirois
Role of Upstream Stimulatory Factor Phosphorylation in the Regulation of the Prostaglandin G/H Synthase-2 Promoter in Granulosa Cells
J. Biol. Chem., August 12, 2005; 280(32): 28885 - 28893.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow All Versions of this Article:
145/12/5616    most recent
Author Manuscript (PDF)
Right arrow Purchase Article
Right arrow View Shopping Cart
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow Request Copyright Permission
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Seals, R. C.
Right arrow Articles by Veldhuis, J. D.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Seals, R. C.
Right arrow Articles by Veldhuis, J. D.

HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
Endocrinology Endocrine Reviews J. Clin. End. & Metab.
Molecular Endocrinology Recent Prog. Horm. Res. All Endocrine Journals