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Submitted on January 3, 2003
Accepted on April 7, 2003
1 Department of Psychology, Hunter College of CUNY, Graduate Program in Psychology, Graduate and University Center of CUNY, and Center for Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: vluine{at}hunter.cuny.edu.
Estrogenic effects on visual (object recognition) and place (object placement) memory were investigated. Ovariectomized (OVX) rats received acute, sc injections 30 min before a sample trial (viewing objects), and four hours later, a recognition/retention trial was given. During recognition/retention trials, discrimination between sample (old) and new objects (visual memory) or between objects in sample (old) and new locations (place memory) was tested. Subjects given 17
-or 17
-estradiol or diethylstilbestrol (DES) 30 min before sample trials discriminated between objects or locations during recognition/retention trials while vehicle-treated, OVX rats did not. Estrogens were given post sample trial to investigate whether enhancements were due to effects on memory processes or psychological/performance parameters. Hormones were given immediately following or 2 h after sample trials (delayed injections), and recognition/retention tested 4 h after sample trial. Both object and place discriminations were enhanced when estrogens were given immediately post-sample trials but not when injections were delayed. These results provide evidence that estrogen rapidly enhances visual and place memory. Moreover, post-training injections suggest effects on mnemonic processes - consolidation or encoding - not performance parameters. Place memory enhancements required higher estrogen doses, both pre and post sample trial. The rapid time course, stereospecificity of responses (- and -estradiol are effective), and efficacy of various estrogens suggest interactions at other than classic estrogen - or -receptors in mediating effects. Thus, results provide the first demonstration of rapid memory enhancements by estrogen and implicate non-genomic mechanisms, possibly extranuclear receptor(s), in mediating the response.
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