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Submitted on July 7, 2003
Accepted on August 28, 2003
with body weight
1 Molecular Endocrinology Group, Rowett Research Institute, Greenburn Road, Bucksburn, Aberdeen, AB21 9SB, Scotland, U.K, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, U.K.
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: p.morgan{at}rowett.ac.uk.
This study reports novel events related to photoperiodic programing of the neuroendocrine hypothalamus. To investigate photoperiod responsive genes, Siberian hamsters were maintained in long or short photoperiods that generate physiological states of obesity or leanness. Microarray expression analysis first identified CRBP1 as a photoperiod-responsive gene, then further studies using in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry revealed that expression levels of several related retinoid-signaling genes were modulated in response to photoperiod changes. Genes of the retinoid-signaling pathway, encoding nuclear receptors (RXR/RAR) and retinoid binding proteins (CRBP1 and CRABP2) are photoperiodically-regulated in the dorsal tuberomammillary nucleus (DTM): their expression is significantly lower in short photoperiods and parallels body weight decreases. Studies in pinealectomized hamsters confirm that the pineal melatonin rhythm is necessary for these seasonal changes, and studies in testosterone-treated hamsters reveal that these changes in gene expression are not the secondary consequence of photoperiod-induced changes in steroid levels. Comparative studies using Syrian hamsters, which show divergent seasonal body weight responses to Siberian hamsters when exposed to short photoperiods, showed a distinct pattern of changes in retinoid gene expression in the DTM in response to a change in photoperiod. We infer that the DTM may be an important integrating center for photoperiodic control of seasonal physiology and suggest that the changes in RXR
expression may be associated with seasonal changes in body weight and energy metabolism.
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