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Submitted on June 1, 2005
Accepted on September 1, 2005
Author's Institutions: Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy; Third Laboratory/Biotechnology, Civic Hospital of Brescia, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: adriana.maggi{at}unimi.it.
Diets lacking soy and 
- derivatives considered to be estrogen-free by classical bioassays (uterotrophic assay and vaginal opening) revealed to contain considerable amounts of compounds able to transcriptionally activate the estrogen receptors (ERs) and stimulate luciferase expression in several organs of the ERE-Luc reporter mouse. By molecular imaging, we show that ER activation is present in non-reproductive organs to an extent similar to what observed with the administration of 17
-estradiol and it is not influenced by orchiectomy or treatment with an aromatase inhibitor. This, together with the use of a completely synthetic diet, proves that the activation of ERs observed is due to estrogenic compounds present in commercial diets and it is not a secondary event determined by food assumption and metabolism. The pervasiveness of estrogenic compounds in nature poses the question on how relevant and how necessary is the daily ingestion of natural compounds active through the ERs to the maintenance of a correct metabolism in both male and female mammals.
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