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Submitted on December 22, 2005
Accepted on February 10, 2006
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (W.L., M.T.A.N., T.I., J.M.O.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093; and Laboratory of Genetics (O.S., I.M.V.), The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: jolefsky{at}ucsd.edu.
Adipose tissue is an important insulin target organ and 3T3-L1 cells are a model cell line for adipocytes. In this study, we have used lentivirus-mediated shRNA for functional gene knockdown in 3T3-L1 adipocytes to assess the molecular mechanisms of insulin signaling. We chose to target GLUT4 to validate this approach. We showed that lentiviruses efficiently delivered transgenes and siRNA into fully differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. We established a strategy for identifying efficient siRNA sequences for gene knockdown by transfecting 293 cells with the target gene fluorescent fusion protein plasmid along with a plasmid that expresses shRNA. Using these methods, we identified highly efficient siGLUT4 sequences. We demonstrated that lentivirus-mediated shRNA against GLUT4 reduced endogenous GLUT4 expression to almost undetectable levels in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Interestingly, insulin stimulated glucose uptake was only reduced by 50-60%, suggesting that another glucose transporter mediates part of this effect. When siGLUT1 was introduced into GLUT4-deficient adipocytes, insulin-stimulated glucose uptake was essentially abolished, indicating that both GLUT4 and GLUT1 contribute to insulin-stimulated glucose transport in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. We also found that GLUT4 knockdown led to impaired IRAP protein expression which was dependent on whether GLUT4 was knocked down in the differentiating or differentiated stage. We further found that GLUT4 expression was not required for adipogenic differentiation but was necessary for full lipogenic capacity of differentiated adipocytes. These studies indicate that lentiviral shRNA constructs provide an excellent approach to deliver functional siRNAs into 3T3-L1 adipocytes for studying insulin signaling and adipocyte biology.
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